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. 2022 Jan 4;12:795372. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.795372

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Copyright © 2022 Peng, Wang, Han, Huang, He, Wang and Ou

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Roles of CAF-derived exosomal proteins in tumorigenesis. (A) CAF-derived exosomal TGF-β can activate the TGF-β–SMAD signaling pathway to promote EMT in ovarian cancer. (B) CAF-derived exosomal CD81 can trigger the WNT signaling cascade contributing to the metastasis of breast cancer. (C) CAF-derived exosomal CD9 can activate MMP2 signaling enhancing the migration and invasiveness of gastric cancer cells. (D) CAF-derived exosomal SHH can launch the SHH signaling pathway thus increasing the proliferation and metastasis of esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) cells.

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