Table 1.
Characteristics and vaccine-related attitudes of study participants
| Predictors | Already vaccinated | Not vaccinated | Total | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Willing | Undecided | Unwilling | |||
| Overall sample | 209 (1.8%) | 7086 (59.8%) | 3498 (29.5%) | 1053 (8.9%) | 11,846 |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 102 (1.7%) | 3778 (63.3%) | 1583 (26.5%) | 502 (8.4%) | 5965 |
| Female | 107 (1.8%) | 3308 (56.2%) | 1915 (32.6%) | 551 (9.4%) | 5881 |
| Age group, years at wave 1 | |||||
| 65+ | 28 (0.9%) | 2377 (80.1%) | 422 (14.2%) | 142 (4.8%) | 2969 |
| 50–64 | 72 (1.7%) | 2696 (61.8%) | 1262 (28.9%) | 330 (7.6%) | 4360 |
| 30–49 | 77 (2.2%) | 1615 (46.9%) | 1347 (39.1%) | 402 (11.7%) | 3441 |
| 18–29 | 32 (3.0%) | 398 (37.0%) | 467 (43.4%) | 179 (16.6%) | 1076 |
| Age group, years at wave 3 | |||||
| 65+ | 30 (1.0%) | 2482 (79.8%) | 451 (14.5%) | 148 (4.8%) | 3111 |
| 50–64 | 74 (1.7%) | 2671 (60.9%) | 1296 (29.5%) | 345 (7.9%) | 4386 |
| 30–49 | 78 (2.3%) | 1573 (46.6%) | 1330 (39.4%) | 394 (11.7%) | 3375 |
| 18–29 | 27 (2.8%) | 360 (37.0%) | 421 (43.2%) | 166 (17.0%) | 974 |
| Highest education | |||||
| Junior/senior high school | 30 (0.8%) | 2171 (57.2%) | 1215 (32.0%) | 378 (10.0%) | 3794 |
| Two- or three-year college | 67 (2.6%) | 1446 (57.0%) | 779 (30.7%) | 245 (9.7%) | 2537 |
| Four-year college or higher | 112 (2.0%) | 3469 (62.9%) | 1504 (27.3%) | 430 (7.8%) | 5515 |
| Family members living together at wave 1 | |||||
| Living alone | 40 (2.0%) | 1043 (52.7%) | 657 (33.2%) | 241 (12.2%) | 1981 |
| Living only with spouse | 45 (1.3%) | 2479 (71.3%) | 757 (21.8%) | 198 (5.7%) | 3479 |
| Living with children | 79 (2.2%) | 2181 (60.8%) | 1056 (29.4%) | 274 (7.6%) | 3590 |
| Living with parents | 28 (1.4%) | 972 (48.3%) | 756 (37.6%) | 256 (12.7%) | 2012 |
| Three-generation household | 14 (2.3%) | 324 (54.4%) | 205 (34.4%) | 53 (8.9%) | 596 |
| Other (siblings only, friends, grandparents and grandchildren etc.) | 3 (1.6%) | 87 (46.3%) | 67 (35.6%) | 31 (16.5%) | 188 |
| Employment at wave 1 | |||||
| Employed | 184 (2.6%) | 4043 (57.5%) | 2163 (30.7%) | 646 (9.2%) | 7036 |
| Homemaker | 11 (0.5%) | 1491 (64.8%) | 659 (28.6%) | 141 (6.1%) | 2302 |
| Not employed (seeking a job) | 3 (1.0%) | 140 (47.9%) | 109 (37.3%) | 40 (13.7%) | 292 |
| Not employed (not seeking a job) | 6 (0.3%) | 1250 (68.6%) | 399 (21.9%) | 166 (9.1%) | 1821 |
| Student | 5 (1.9%) | 98 (37.1%) | 121 (45.8%) | 40 (15.2%) | 264 |
| Other | 0 (0.0%) | 64 (48.9%) | 47 (35.9%) | 20 (15.3%) | 131 |
| Employment at wave 3 | |||||
| Employed | 185 (2.6%) | 4023 (57.1%) | 2199 (31.2%) | 639 (9.1%) | 7046 |
| Homemaker | 13 (0.6%) | 1475 (65.0%) | 646 (28.5%) | 134 (5.9%) | 2268 |
| Not employed (seeking a job) | 2 (0.6%) | 159 (51.1%) | 101 (32.5%) | 49 (15.8%) | 311 |
| Not employed (not seeking a job) | 7 (0.4%) | 1278 (68.4%) | 407 (21.8%) | 176 (9.4%) | 1868 |
| Student | 2 (0.9%) | 85 (39.4%) | 97 (44.9%) | 32 (14.8%) | 216 |
| Other | 0 (0.0%) | 66 (48.2%) | 48 (35.0%) | 23 (16.8%) | 137 |
| Annual household income, million yen at wave 1 | |||||
| < 3 | 35 (1.2%) | 1611 (53.2%) | 1013 (33.4%) | 372 (12.3%) | 3031 |
| 3–4 | 42 (1.3%) | 2071 (63.6%) | 872 (26.8%) | 269 (8.3%) | 3254 |
| 5–7 | 68 (2.2%) | 1887 (59.7%) | 981 (31.0%) | 225 (7.1%) | 3161 |
| ≥ 8 | 64 (2.7%) | 1517 (63.2%) | 632 (26.3%) | 187 (7.8%) | 2400 |
| Annual household income, million yen at wave 3 | |||||
| < 3 | 32 (1.0%) | 1680 (54.3%) | 1008 (32.6%) | 372 (12.0%) | 3092 |
| 3–4 | 45 (1.4%) | 2024 (62.8%) | 888 (27.5%) | 267 (8.3%) | 3224 |
| 5–7 | 67 (2.1%) | 1885 (59.6%) | 988 (31.2%) | 224 (7.1%) | 3164 |
| ≥ 8 | 65 (2.7%) | 1497 (63.3%) | 614 (26.0%) | 190 (8.0%) | 2366 |
| Bank and savings deposit amount, million yen at wave 1 | |||||
| < 1 | 63 (2.0%) | 1529 (49.5%) | 1121 (36.3%) | 373 (12.1%) | 3086 |
| 1–3 | 39 (1.7%) | 1286 (56.5%) | 743 (32.6%) | 209 (9.2%) | 2277 |
| 4–9 | 47 (2.0%) | 1421 (60.0%) | 706 (29.8%) | 196 (8.3%) | 2370 |
| ≥ 10 | 60 (1.5%) | 2850 (69.3%) | 928 (22.6%) | 275 (6.7%) | 4113 |
| Bank and savings deposit amount, million yen at wave 3 | |||||
| < 1 | 51 (1.6%) | 1538 (49.1%) | 1153 (36.8%) | 390 (12.5%) | 3132 |
| 1–3 | 51 (2.3%) | 1258 (56.8%) | 714 (32.2%) | 191 (8.6%) | 2214 |
| 4–9 | 39 (1.7%) | 1417 (61.1%) | 687 (29.6%) | 176 (7.6%) | 2319 |
| ≥ 10 | 68 (1.6%) | 2873 (68.7%) | 944 (22.6%) | 296 (7.1%) | 4181 |
| BMI at wave 1 | |||||
| < 18.5 | 23 (1.6%) | 739 (50.4%) | 524 (35.7%) | 181 (12.3%) | 1467 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 148 (1.8%) | 4930 (60.5%) | 2377 (29.2%) | 693 (8.5%) | 8148 |
| 25.0–29.9 | 32 (1.7%) | 1210 (64.3%) | 487 (25.9%) | 153 (8.1%) | 1882 |
| ≥ 30.0 | 6 (1.7%) | 207 (59.3%) | 110 (31.5%) | 26 (7.4%) | 349 |
| Pre-existing condition at wave 1 | |||||
| Hypertension | 34 (1.6%) | 1577 (74.8%) | 402 (19.1%) | 96 (4.6%) | 2109 |
| Dyslipidemia | 25 (2.1%) | 910 (76.2%) | 200 (16.8%) | 59 (4.9%) | 1194 |
| Diabetes | 9 (1.4%) | 482 (72.5%) | 136 (20.5%) | 38 (5.7%) | 665 |
| Heart disease | 7 (2.2%) | 234 (74.3%) | 56 (17.8%) | 18 (5.7%) | 315 |
| Renal disease | 2 (2.1%) | 66 (68.8%) | 23 (24.0%) | 5 (5.2%) | 96 |
| Cancer | 4 (2.0%) | 146 (73.7%) | 36 (18.2%) | 12 (6.1%) | 198 |
| Respiratory disease | 5 (1.8%) | 180 (65.2%) | 66 (23.9%) | 25 (9.1%) | 276 |
| Other | 2 (1.2%) | 102 (60.0%) | 50 (29.4%) | 16 (9.4%) | 170 |
| Generalized trust at wave 1 | |||||
| Most people can be trusted | 70 (1.8%) | 2604 (67.9%) | 929 (24.2%) | 234 (6.1%) | 3837 |
| Need to be very careful | 132 (1.8%) | 4220 (56.4%) | 2369 (31.7%) | 760 (10.2%) | 7481 |
| Don’t know | 7 (1.3%) | 262 (49.6%) | 200 (37.9%) | 59 (11.2%) | 528 |
| Generalized trust at wave 3 | |||||
| Most people can be trusted | 63 (1.7%) | 2532 (69.5%) | 822 (22.6%) | 225 (6.2%) | 3642 |
| Need to be very careful | 139 (1.8%) | 4287 (55.9%) | 2473 (32.3%) | 765 (10.0%) | 7664 |
| Don’t know | 7 (1.3%) | 267 (49.4%) | 203 (37.6%) | 63 (11.7%) | 540 |
| Depression (PHQ-9) at wave 1 | |||||
| None (0–4) | 113 (1.5%) | 4761 (65.1%) | 1899 (26.0%) | 540 (7.4%) | 7313 |
| Mild (5–9) | 56 (2.0%) | 1533 (54.2%) | 949 (33.6%) | 290 (10.3%) | 2828 |
| Moderate (10–14) | 24 (2.4%) | 497 (49.2%) | 375 (37.1%) | 115 (11.4%) | 1011 |
| Moderately severe (15–19) | 12 (2.5%) | 209 (44.0%) | 183 (38.5%) | 71 (14.9%) | 475 |
| Severe (20–27) | 4 (1.8%) | 86 (39.3%) | 92 (42.0%) | 37 (16.9%) | 219 |
| Depression (PHQ-9) at wave 3 | |||||
| None (0–4) | 110 (1.5%) | 4784 (65.0%) | 1918 (26.1%) | 545 (7.4%) | 7357 |
| Mild (5–9) | 51 (1.9%) | 1511 (55.2%) | 919 (33.6%) | 257 (9.4%) | 2738 |
| Moderate (10–14) | 29 (2.9%) | 487 (48.7%) | 352 (35.2%) | 131 (13.1%) | 999 |
| Moderately severe (15–19) | 10 (2.1%) | 209 (43.1%) | 192 (39.6%) | 74 (15.3%) | 485 |
| Severe (20–27) | 9 (3.4%) | 95 (35.6%) | 117 (43.8%) | 46 (17.2%) | 267 |
| Generalized anxiety (GAD-7) at wave 1 | |||||
| Minimal (0–4) | 140 (1.6%) | 5628 (63.0%) | 2453 (27.5%) | 714 (8.0%) | 8935 |
| Mild (5–9) | 38 (2.0%) | 998 (52.8%) | 662 (35.0%) | 192 (10.2%) | 1890 |
| Moderate (10–14) | 23 (3.3%) | 321 (46.0%) | 260 (37.2%) | 94 (13.5%) | 698 |
| Severe (15–21) | 8 (2.5%) | 139 (43.0%) | 123 (38.1%) | 53 (16.4%) | 323 |
| Generalized anxiety (GAD-7) at wave 3 | |||||
| Minimal (0–4) | 133 (1.5%) | 5588 (63.3%) | 2412 (27.3%) | 690 (7.8%) | 8823 |
| Mild (5–9) | 43 (2.2%) | 1032 (52.5%) | 694 (35.3%) | 197 (10.0%) | 1966 |
| Moderate (10–14) | 22 (3.4%) | 306 (47.1%) | 226 (34.8%) | 96 (14.8%) | 650 |
| Severe (15–21) | 11 (2.7%) | 160 (39.3%) | 166 (40.8%) | 70 (17.2%) | 407 |
| Fear of COVID-19 (FCV-19S) at wave 1 | |||||
| No fear (7–15) | 65 (1.8%) | 2066 (56.7%) | 1056 (29.0%) | 456 (12.5%) | 3643 |
| Mild (16–20) | 79 (1.9%) | 2556 (62.8%) | 1152 (28.3%) | 285 (7.0%) | 4072 |
| Moderate (21–25) | 45 (1.5%) | 1761 (59.5%) | 934 (31.6%) | 218 (7.4%) | 2958 |
| Severe (26–35) | 20 (1.7%) | 703 (59.9%) | 356 (30.3%) | 94 (8.0%) | 1173 |
| Fear of COVID-19 (FCV-19S) At wave 3 | |||||
| No fear (7–15) | 55 (1.8%) | 1686 (54.7%) | 869 (28.2%) | 472 (15.3%) | 3082 |
| Mild (16–20) | 72 (1.8%) | 2514 (62.7%) | 1159 (28.9%) | 262 (6.5%) | 4007 |
| Moderate (21–25) | 56 (1.7%) | 1992 (60.1%) | 1041 (31.4%) | 228 (6.9%) | 3317 |
| Severe (26–35) | 26 (1.8%) | 894 (62.1%) | 429 (29.8%) | 91 (6.3%) | 1440 |
| Region of residence at wave 1 | |||||
| Tokyo | 21 (1.7%) | 718 (57.9%) | 368 (29.7%) | 133 (10.7%) | 1240 |
| Kanagawa | 9 (1.0%) | 528 (61.5%) | 266 (31.0%) | 56 (6.5%) | 859 |
| Osaka | 10 (1.2%) | 520 (61.3%) | 240 (28.3%) | 78 (9.2%) | 848 |
| Aichi | 10 (1.4%) | 449 (61.8%) | 203 (28.0%) | 64 (8.8%) | 726 |
| Saitama | 9 (1.3%) | 413 (59.8%) | 220 (31.8%) | 49 (7.1%) | 691 |
| Chiba | 8 (1.3%) | 374 (60.9%) | 165 (26.9%) | 67 (10.9%) | 614 |
| Hyogo | 3 (0.5%) | 341 (62.1%) | 153 (27.9%) | 52 (9.5%) | 549 |
| Hokkaido | 7 (1.3%) | 328 (61.9%) | 146 (27.5%) | 49 (9.2%) | 530 |
| Fukuoka | 5 (1.1%) | 259 (59.3%) | 120 (27.5%) | 53 (12.1%) | 437 |
| Tohoku region | 14 (1.7%) | 509 (63.1%) | 220 (27.3%) | 64 (7.9%) | 807 |
| North Kanto | 14 (2.3%) | 341 (56.7%) | 195 (32.4%) | 51 (8.5%) | 601 |
| Hokuriku | 9 (1.9%) | 280 (60.6%) | 138 (29.9%) | 35 (7.6%) | 462 |
| Chubu | 16 (1.9%) | 492 (59.3%) | 260 (31.4%) | 61 (7.4%) | 829 |
| Kinki | 15 (1.8%) | 513 (60.1%) | 240 (28.1%) | 85 (10.0%) | 853 |
| Chugoku | 19 (2.8%) | 384 (55.8%) | 230 (33.4%) | 55 (8.0%) | 688 |
| Shikoku | 12 (3.5%) | 214 (62.4%) | 87 (25.4%) | 30 (8.7%) | 343 |
| Kyushu and Okinawa | 28 (3.6%) | 423 (55.0%) | 247 (32.1%) | 71 (9.2%) | 769 |