FIG 1.

All-trans-retinoic acid outperforms other activators in eliciting human macrophage control of M. tuberculosis infection. (a) Control by differentially matured MO-MCSF and MO-GMCSF (each point represents 1 donor) of autobioluminescent Mtb H37Rv at 5 days following infection and treatment with different activators, detailed in the compound key. (b) Growth in MO-GMCSF (3 donors) of autobioluminescent Mtb over time following treatment with different concentrations of ATRA or imatinib at 10 μM. (c) Comparison of Mtb loads in MO-GMCSF (3 donors) by CFU assay for ATRA and imatinib (10 μM) at 5 days. (d) Growth of autobioluminescent Mtb in MO-GMCSF (2 to 4 donors) at 5 days following treatment with ATRA or retinol (10 μM). All infections were performed at a multiplicity of infection of 2 bacteria per macrophage, with between 2 and 5 donors (a, c, d) or 3 donors (b) per condition. All summary data represent means ± standard deviations (SD). Any comparisons to the DMSO control not marked with statistical significance were not significant; statistics were performed using a 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dunnett’s multiple-comparison test (a), an ordinary one-way ANOVA on area under the curve measurements with Šídák’s multiple-comparison test (b), a repeated-measures ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple-comparison test (c), or an ordinary one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple-comparison test (d). *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001.