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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jan 18.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Methods. 2021 Jun;18(6):585–588. doi: 10.1038/s41592-021-01168-6

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Analyzing disaggregated male (M) and female (F) data through the perspective of databases that were built upon sex-biased studies (prism) could give rise to misleading results. (A) If the database is male-biased but there are truly no sex differences in the system, the output will be accurate for both M and F. (B) If sex differences exist and the database is M-biased, results could be accurate for Ms but have lower significance in Fs, (C) incomplete in Fs, or (D) uninformative in Fs. (E) In the case that sex differences exist and the database is F-biased, results may be uninformative for M data. (F) If the database annotates for sex, thereby allowing for truly sex-specific analyses, M and F outputs can be both different and accurate.