Table 1.
Characteristics and dietary intake of participants according to quartile of total cholesterol intake
| Characteristic | Overall | Quartile of total cholesterol intake (mg/d) | P -value | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1(≤186.0) | Q2(186.1-332.0) | Q3(332.1-464.0) | Q4(>464.0) | ||||||||
| N | 1617 | 408 | 404 | 401 | 404 | ||||||
| Age, years (mean, SD) | 28.6 | 4.1 | 28.0 | 3.8 | 28.5 | 3.9 | 29.0 | 4.4 | 28.9 | 4.1 | 0.001 |
| Prepregnancy BMI, kg/m2 (mean, SD) | 21.1 | 3.1 | 21.2 | 3.2 | 21.1 | 3.1 | 21.3 | 3.0 | 20.9 | 3.0 | 0.249 |
| Parity (N, %) | |||||||||||
| Primiparous | 1157 | 71.6 | 290 | 71.1 | 286 | 70.8 | 293 | 73.1 | 288 | 71.3 | 0.890 |
| Multiparous | 460 | 28.4 | 118 | 28.9 | 118 | 29.2 | 108 | 26.9 | 116 | 28.7 | |
| Family history of diabetes (N, %) | 162 | 10.0 | 40 | 9.8 | 40 | 9.9 | 41 | 10.2 | 41 | 10.1 | 0.997 |
| Education (N, %) | |||||||||||
| High school or lower | 387 | 23.9 | 103 | 25.2 | 109 | 27.0 | 96 | 23.9 | 79 | 19.6 | <0.001 |
| Junior college | 590 | 36.5 | 175 | 42.9 | 135 | 33.4 | 146 | 36.4 | 134 | 33.2 | |
| University or higher | 640 | 39.6 | 130 | 31.9 | 160 | 39.6 | 159 | 39.7 | 191 | 47.3 | |
| Monthly income of the family per capita, yuan (N, %) | |||||||||||
| ≤5000 | 535 | 33.1 | 147 | 36.0 | 125 | 30.9 | 134 | 33.4 | 129 | 31.9 | 0.215 |
| 5000~9999 | 743 | 45.9 | 192 | 47.1 | 191 | 47.3 | 184 | 45.9 | 176 | 43.6 | |
| ≥10000 | 339 | 21.0 | 69 | 16.9 | 88 | 21.8 | 83 | 20.7 | 99 | 24.5 | |
| Smoking before pregnancy (N, %) | 61 | 3.8 | 17 | 4.2 | 10 | 2.5 | 12 | 3.0 | 22 | 5.5 | 0.119 |
| Alcohol consumption before pregnancy (N, %) | 131 | 8.1 | 34 | 8.3 | 23 | 5.7 | 28 | 7.0 | 46 | 11.4 | 0.021 |
| WGPO, kg (mean, SD) | 6.20 | 3.31 | 5.64 | 3.26 | 6.43 | 3.25 | 6.27 | 3.26 | 6.44 | 3.40 | 0.001 |
| Physical activity, MET-h wk-1 (mean, SD) | 106.8 | 46.4 | 105.3 | 48.8 | 108.7 | 49.0 | 105.8 | 41.9 | 107.4 | 45.5 | 0.710 |
| Plasma TG, mmol/L (mean, SD) | 1.32 | 0.50 | 1.30 | 0.47 | 1.31 | 0.45 | 1.36 | 0.52 | 1.30 | 0.57 | 0.257 |
| Plasma TC, mmol/L (mean, SD) | 4.14 | 0.64 | 4.05 | 0.66 | 4.13 | 0.61 | 4.17 | 0.63 | 4.21 | 0.67 | 0.002 |
| Plasma LDL-C, mmol/L (mean, SD) | 2.05 | 0.9 | 2.03 | 0.52 | 2.05 | 0.48 | 2.06 | 0.48 | 2.04 | 0.48 | 0.932 |
| Plasma HDL-C, mmol/L (mean, SD) | 1.67 | 0.34 | 1.60 | 0.34 | 1.66 | 0.34 | 1.68 | 0.32 | 1.75 | 0.35 | <0.001 |
| GDM (N, %) | 571 | 35.3 | 118 | 28.9 | 146 | 36.1 | 151 | 37.7 | 156 | 38.6 | 0.016 |
| Dietary intake | |||||||||||
| Eggs, number/d (mean, SD) | 0.71 | 0.58 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 0.49 | 0.29 | 0.89 | 0.31 | 1.34 | 0.56 | <0.001 |
| Red meats, g/d (mean, SD) | 59.5 | 50.5 | 39.3 | 39.0 | 59.5 | 41.7 | 61.0 | 51.1 | 78.3 | 59.7 | <0.001 |
| Poultry, g/d (mean, SD) | 12.5 | 29.2 | 6.3 | 17.7 | 11.2 | 22.4 | 13.5 | 29.2 | 19.3 | 40.8 | <0.001 |
| Fish/shellfish, g/d (mean, SD) | 18.6 | 41.8 | 6.9 | 19.3 | 14.1 | 33.5 | 17.6 | 41.6 | 35.8 | 57.8 | <0.001 |
| Total dairy products, g/d (mean, SD) | 138.5 | 132.8 | 93.8 | 116.2 | 132.6 | 129.5 | 149.4 | 124.7 | 178.7 | 145.0 | <0.001 |
| Animal organs, g/d (mean, SD) | 5.4 | 17.3 | 3.2 | 14.8 | 4.6 | 11.5 | 4.5 | 13.6 | 9.1 | 25.4 | <0.001 |
| Dietary glycaemic load, g/d (mean, SD) | 153.3 | 59.4 | 147.3 | 58.7 | 152.7 | 53.6 | 158.4 | 67.6 | 154.8 | 56.7 | 0.061 |
| Energy intake, kcal/d (mean, SD) | 1848.1 | 530.5 | 1600.1 | 486.6 | 1819.1 | 510.2 | 1901.2 | 475.4 | 2074.9 | 535.9 | <0.001 |
| Saturated fat, unsaturated fat, g/d (mean, SD) | 68.8 | 24.8 | 53.0 | 19.1 | 66.6 | 23.5 | 72.0 | 20.3 | 83.6 | 25.6 | <0.001 |
| Animal protein, g/d (mean, SD) | 25.4 | 15.4 | 12.8 | 8.2 | 22.7 | 10.4 | 27.3 | 12.2 | 39.1 | 16.4 | <0.001 |
| Fibre, g/d (mean, SD) | 12.9 | 6.3 | 11.9 | 6.5 | 12.9 | 6.7 | 13.0 | 5.8 | 13.7 | 5.9 | <0.001 |
BMI body mass index, WGPO Weight gain from pregnancy to OGTT, TG triglyceride, TC total cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, MET metabolic equivalent