Table 4.
Associations between maternal dietary egg intake per day and GDM
| Continuous variable (each additional egg/d) | Quartile egg intake (number/d) | P for trend | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||||||||
| OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | ||
| Median, number/d | 0.7 | 0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.3 | - | |||||
| Model 1a | 1.36 | 1.14-1.62 | 1.00 | - | 1.48 | 1.11-1.98 | 1.46 | 1.09-1.96 | 1.64 | 1.22-2.20 | 0.002 |
| Model 2b | 1.32 | 1.11-1.58 | 1.00 | - | 1.48 | 1.11-1.99 | 1.39 | 1.03-1.87 | 1.59 | 1.18-2.14 | 0.006 |
| Model 2 plus nutrientsc | |||||||||||
| Saturated fat, unsaturated fat | 1.30 | 1.08-1.56 | 1.00 | - | 1.47 | 1.09-1.97 | 1.35 | 1.00-1.84 | 1.54 | 1.13-2.09 | 0.013 |
| Animal protein | 1.33 | 1.10-1.60 | 1.00 | - | 1.48 | 1.11-1.99 | 1.39 | 1.02-1.89 | 1.59 | 1.16-2.17 | 0.008 |
| Fibre | 1.32 | 1.11-1.58 | 1.00 | - | 1.48 | 1.11-1.99 | 1.39 | 1.03-1.88 | 1.59 | 1.18-2.15 | 0.005 |
| All previous nutrients | 1.32 | 1.10-1.60 | 1.00 | - | 1.48 | 1.10-1.98 | 1.38 | 1.02-1.88 | 1.58 | 1.16-2.17 | 0.009 |
| Model 2 plus plasma lipid profiles (mmol/L) d | |||||||||||
| TG | 1.30 | 1.10-1.60 | 1.00 | - | 1.57 | 1.16-2.12 | 1.46 | 1.07-1.99 | 1.65 | 1.20-2.25 | 0.009 |
| TC | 1.31 | 1.09-1.58 | 1.00 | - | 1.61 | 1.19-2.18 | 1.45 | 1.06-1.98 | 1.64 | 1.20-2.24 | 0.011 |
| LDL-C | 1.33 | 1.11-1.60 | 1.00 | - | 1.62 | 1.20-2.19 | 1.46 | 1.07-1.99 | 1.68 | 1.23-2.30 | 0.007 |
| HDL-C | 1.31 | 1.09-1.58 | 1.00 | - | 1.60 | 1.19-2.16 | 1.44 | 1.06-1.96 | 1.64 | 1.20-2.25 | 0.011 |
| All previous measurements | 1.30 | 1.08-1.56 | 1.00 | - | 1.58 | 1.17-2.13 | 1.46 | 1.07-1.99 | 1.63 | 1.19-2.23 | 0.011 |
TG triglyceride, TC total cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus
a Crude model
b Adjusted for energy intake, age, prepregnancy BMI, education, income of family, parity, family history of diabetes, smoking before pregnancy, alcohol consumption before pregnancy, physical activity, dietary glycaemic load, weight gain from pregnancy to OGTT
c Nutrients correlated with egg (saturated fat, unsaturated fat, trans fat, animal protein and fibre) were adjusted individually or in combination, in addition to Model 2 covariates.
d To determine whether the effect of egg intake on GDM is related to the increase of plasma lipid profiles, the concentrations of plasma TG, TC, LDL-C and HDL-C were further adjusted individually or in combination