Table 2.
Per SDQ version (self-reported, parent-reported), mean scale scores and standard deviations for male and female adolescents
| SDQ version | SDQ scale | Gender group | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Females | % ‘abnormal’ a | Males | % ‘abnormal’ | Total | % ‘abnormal’ | |||||
| M (SD) | UK b | Dutch c | M (SD) | UK | Dutch | M (SD) | UK | Dutch | ||
| Self-reported | Emotional | 2.8 (2.3) | 96.4 | – | 1.7 (1.8) | 99.6 | – | 2.3 (2.1) | 97.9 | – |
| Conduct | 1.2 (1.1) | 99.4 | – | 1.5 (1.4) | 98.7 | – | 1.3 (1.3) | 99.1 | – | |
| Hyperactivity | 3.5 (2.4) | 92.8 | – | 3.8 (2.4) | 91.4 | – | 3.7 (2.4) | 92.1 | – | |
| Social | 1.3 (1.5) | 98.5 | – | 1.4 (1.6) | 99.4 | – | 1.4 (1.6) | 99.6 | – | |
| Prosocial | 8.4 (1.4) | 99.1 | – | 7.7 (1.7) | 95.7 | – | 8.1 (1.6) | 97.5 | – | |
| Externalizing | 4.7 (3.1) | – | – | 5.4 (3.2) | – | – | 5.0 (3.1) | – | – | |
| Internalizing | 4.1 (3.2) | – | – | 3.1 (2.8) | – | – | 3.6 (3.1) | – | – | |
| Total | 8.7 (5.1) | 97.2 | – | 8.5 (4.9) | 97.6 | – | 8.6 (5.0) | 97.4 | – | |
| Parent-reported | Emotional | 2.0 (2.1) | 93.6 | 89.3 | 1.7 (2.1) | 93.0 | 87.8 | 1.9 (2.1) | 93.3 | 88.6 |
| Conduct | 0.9 (1.2) | 98.2 | 90.0 | 1.0 (1.5) | 96.2 | 87.0 | 1.0 (1.4) | 97.3 | 88.6 | |
| Hyperactivity | 2.1 (2.3) | 91.3 | 93.6 | 3.3 (2.6) | 96.7 | 86.4 | 2.7 (2.5) | 94.2 | 90.2 | |
| Social | 1.3 (1.7) | 94.1 | 94.1 | 1.7 (1.8) | 90.1 | 90.1 | 1.5 (1.8) | 92.3 | 92.3 | |
| Prosocial | 8.5 (1.8) | 95.7 | 86.4 | 8.1 (1.9) | 93.9 | 81.7 | 8.3 (1.8) | 94.8 | 84.2 | |
| Externalizing | 3.0 (3.0) | – | 94.4 | 4.4 (3.5) | – | 87.5 | 3.7 (3.3) | – | 91.2 | |
| Internalizing | 3.3 (3.4) | – | 90.5 | 3.4 (3.3) | – | 87.5 | 3.4 (3.3) | – | 89.1 | |
| Total | 6.3 (5.3) | 94.6 | 92.1 | 7.8 (5.8) | 93.0 | 87.0 | 7.0 (5.6) | 93.9 | 89.7 | |
SDQ Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire
aThe percentage of adolescents with SDQ scores that are considered ‘abnormal’ using b the UK [16, 19] cutoffs (not available for the externalizing and internalizing difficulties scales) and c the Dutch [24] cutoffs (not available for the SDQ self-reported version)