Table I.
Clinical studies regarding the role of NIR-ICG in laparoscopic/robotic cholecystectomies.
| Aauthors, year | No. patients in the NIRC group; no. of patients in the WL group | Type of study | Dose, timing, method of ICG administration in the NIRC group | Adverse effects | Imaging system | BDI lesion in the NIRC group; BDI lesions in the WL group | Cases of conversion to open surgery in the NIRC group; Cases of conversion to open in the WL group | (Refs.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dip et al, 2019 | 321; 318 | RCT | 0.05 mg/kg i.v., >45 min | None | Image 1S, Opal 1 (Karl Storz) | 0; 2 (0.62%) | 1 (0.3%, hemorrhage); 4 (1.2-2% BDI lesions); 2 (insufficient visibility) | (11) |
| Agnus et al, 2020 | 314 | Prospective | 0.02-0.62 mg/kg (median 0.3 mg/kg); 30-3,120 min (median 57 min) | 1 self-resolved rush | ‘D-LIGHT P (Karl Storz)’, n=238; ‘STRYKER’, n=21; ‘FIREFLY (Surgical Intuitive)’, n=53 | 0 | N/I | (12) |
| Liu et al, 2018 | 46 | Prospective | 10 ml, 0.125 mg/ml bolus, direct gallbladder injection (percutaneous catheter/intraoperatively) | 5 cases of leakage and impaired visibility | IMAGE1 S, D-Light P, Karl Storz | 0 | 0 | (13) |
| Bleszynski et al, 2020 | 108 | Prospective | 1.65 ml, at anesthetic induction; supplementary 0.3 ml in 30 cases | None | IMAGE1 S, D-Light P, Karl Storz | 0 | 0 | (7) |
| Daskalaki et al, 2014 | 184 | Prospective | 2.5 mg of ICG, i.v., 45 min before | None | Da Vinci Fluorescence Imaging Vision System | 0 | 0 | (14) |
| Buchs et al, 2012 | 12 | Prospective | 2.5 mg of ICG, i.v. 45 min before | None | Da Vinci Fluorescence Imaging Vision System | 0 | 0 | (15) |
| Wang et al, 2020 | 34; 36 | Retrospective | 1 ml of ICG (2.5 mg/ml, 30 min before | None | PINPOINT system (NOVADAQ, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada) | 0 | 0 | (16) |
| Koong et al, 2021 | 30; 33 | RCT | 2.5 mg of ICG, before induction of anesthesia, 58±23 min | None | IMAGE1 S, D-Light P, Karl Storz | 0 | 2 (6.25%); 3 (8.35), excluded from the study group | (17) |
| Matsumura et al, 2021 | 20 | Prospective | 10 patients: 2.5 mg ICG before surgery 10 patients: 0.25 mg/kg one day before | None | IMAGE1 S, D-Light P, Karl Storz | 0 | 0 | (18) |
| Yoshiya et al, 2019 | 39; 81 | Retrospective | 2.5 mg of ICG; before induction of anesthesia; Repeat 2.5 mg bolus at Calot's triangle dissection to identify cystic artery and right hepatic artery | None | IMAGE1 S, D-Light P, Karl Storz | 0:2 (2.4%) | 1 (2.54% bleeding): 20 (24.69%-16 difficult dissection, 2 BDI lesions, 2 cystic artery lesions) | (19) |
| Sharma et al, 2018 | 96; 91 | Retrospective | N/I | None | Firefly, Da Vinci Fluorescence Imaging Vision system | N/A | 2.1% vs. 8.9% (P=0.22) | (20) |
| Gangemi et al, 2017 | 676; 289 | Retrospective | 2.5 mg of the ICG, 45 min before | None | FireFly, Da Vinci Fluorescence Imaging Vision system | 1:13 (0.15% vs. 4.5%) | 1(0.15%): 4 (1.38%) | (21) |
| Spinoglio et al, 2013 | 45 | Prospective | 2.5 mg of ICG, 30-45 min before | None | FireFly, Da Vinci Fluorescence Imaging Vision system | 0 | 0 | (22) |
| Osayi et al, 2015 | 82 | Prospective | 2.5 mg of ICG, 60 min before | None | ‘STRYKER’ | 0 | 0 | (23) |
| Ambe et al, 2019 | 29; 41 | Retrospective | 0.5 ml of ICG, 60 min before | None | PINPOINT, Novadaq | 0 | 0:1(2.4%) | (24) |
| Quaresima et al, 2020 | 44; 44 | RCT | 0.1±0.1 mg/kg i.v., 10.7±8.2 h before (42 cases) 4 cc of 0.5 mg/ml in the gallbladder (2 cases) | None | Karl Storz Image 1S D-Light system | 0:0 | 0:0 | (25) |
| Ankersmit et al, 2017 | 18 | Prospective | 0.2 mg/kg ICG, At induction (30-70 min before) | None | Olympus (Olympus Corporation) | 0 | 0 | (26) |
| Broderick et al, 2021 | 400; 989 | Retrospective | 3 ml of a 25 mg/10 ml solution, >45 min before | None | Stryker 1588 AIM camera system, or the Stryker 1688 AIM 4K platform | 0.5% vs. 0.91% | 1.5% vs. 8.5% | (27) |
| Dip et al, 2016 | 71 | Prospective | 0.05 mg/kg | None | IMAGE1 S, D-Light P, Karl Storz | 0 | 0 | (28) |
NIR, near-infrared fluorescence; ICG, indocyanine-green; NIRC, near-infrared cholangiogram; WL, white light; RCT, randomized controlled study; AC, acute cholecystitis; PTGBD, percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage; BDI, bile duct injuries; LC, laparoscopic cholecystectomy; IOC, intraoperative cholangiography; N/I, no information.