Table 2.
Differences between difficulty falling asleep and quality of academic life and mental health of the university students in Portugal (N=2991).
| Difficulty falling asleep | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never/almost never (N=965) | Sometimes (N=1337) | Almost always/always(N=689) | χ² | p | |||||
| N | % | N | % | N | % | ||||
| 7.716 | ≤.050 | ||||||||
| Gender | (p=.021) | ||||||||
| Male | 283 | 29.3 | 323 | 24.2 | 182 | 26.4 | |||
| Female | 682 | 70.7 | 1014 | 75.8 | 507 | 73.6 | |||
| 3.408 | n.s. | ||||||||
| Age group | (p=.492) | ||||||||
| 18-20 years old | 336 | 34.8 | 512 | 38.3 | 248 | 36.0 | |||
| 21-23 years old | 360 | 37.3 | 461 | 34.5 | 252 | 36.6 | |||
| 24-35 years old | 269 | 27.9 | 364 | 27.2 | 189 | 27.4 | |||
| 2.466 | n.s. | ||||||||
| Health perception | (p=.963) | ||||||||
| Excellent | 84 | 8.7 | 106 | 7.6 | 51 | 7.4 | |||
| Very good | 377 | 39.1 | 509 | 38.1 | 269 | 39.0 | |||
| Good | 330 | 34.2 | 483 | 36.1 | 236 | 34.3 | |||
| Reasonable | 157 | 16.3 | 214 | 16.0 | 120 | 17.4 | |||
| Bad | 17 | 1.8 | 25 | 1.9 | 13 | 1.9 | |||
| 164.370 | ≤.001 | ||||||||
| Frequency of worries | (p=.000) | ||||||||
| Several times a day | 50 | 5.2 | 90 | 6.7 | 124 | 18.0 | |||
| Almost every day | 172 | 17.8 | 243 | 18.2 | 149 | 21.6 | |||
| Several times a week | 331 | 34.3 | 524 | 39.2 | 235 | 34.1 | |||
| Several times a month | 278 | 28.8 | 391 | 29.2 | 158 | 22.9 | |||
| Rarely or never | 134 | 13.9 | 89 | 6.7 | 23 | 3.3 | |||
| 76.664 | ≤.001 | ||||||||
| Intensity of worries | (p=.000) | ||||||||
| So intense that they do not allow me to think of anything else | 84 | 8.7 | 149 | 11.1 | 129 | 18.7 | |||
| They trouble me but I keep going | 462 | 47.9 | 657 | 49.1 | 373 | 54.1 | |||
| I have worries but I do not let them interfere with my life | 390 | 40.4 | 495 | 37.0 | 161 | 23.4 | |||
| I worry about nothing at all | 29 | 3.0 | 36 | 2.7 | 26 | 3.8 | |||
| 44.222 | ≤.001 | ||||||||
| Feeling bored in University | (p=.000) | ||||||||
| Never | 97 | 10.1 | 127 | 9.5 | 32 | 4.6 | |||
| Sometimes | 710 | 73.6 | 911 | 68.1 | 465 | 67.5 | |||
| Frequently/always | 158 | 16.4 | 299 | 22.4 | 192 | 27.9 | |||
| 24.906 | ≤.001 | ||||||||
| Being under pressure with academic work | (p=.000) | ||||||||
| Not at all/slightly | 136 | 14.1 | 159 | 11.9 | 88 | 12.8 | |||
| Fairly | 499 | 51.7 | 674 | 50.4 | 288 | 41.8 | |||
| Very much | 330 | 34.2 | 504 | 37.7 | 313 | 45.4 | |||
| Academic performance perception | 60.038 | ≤.001 | |||||||
| Poor/reasonable | 212 | 22.0 | 362 | 27.1 | 259 | 37.6 | |||
| Good | 550 | 57.0 | 755 | 56.5 | 349 | 50.7 | |||
| Very good/excellent | 203 | 21.0 | 220 | 16.5 | 81 | 11.8 | |||
| Difficulty falling asleep | |||||||||
| Never/almost never (N=965) | Sometimes (N=1337) | Almost always/always(N=689) | F | p | Post-hoc | ||||
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||||
| Anxiety - trait (STAI-T) | 42.27 | 8.43 | 44.06 | 8.79 | 48.81 | 9.94 | 111.198 | ≤.001 | a<b<c |
| Self-regulation - total | 147.69 | 17.35 | 144.93 | 17.89 | 136.77 | 20.00 | 75.562 | ≤.001 | a>b>c |
| Short-term self-regulation subscale | 61.81 | 8.59 | 60.26 | 9.00 | 56.20 | 9.97 | 79.127 | ≤.001 | a>b>c |
| Long-term self-regulation subscale | 85.88 | 12.61 | 84.67 | 12.49 | 80.58 | 13.42 | 37.019 | ≤.001 | a>c/b>c |
| Resilience | 56.61 | 7.65 | 55.62 | 8.01 | 53.68 | 8.55 | 26.981 | ≤.001 | a>b>c |
| Hours of sleep at weeknights | 7.13 | 0.96 | 7.09 | 1.06 | 6.66 | 1.22 | 45.616 | ≤.001 | a>c/b>c |
| Hours of sleep at weekend nights | 8.44 | 1.25 | 8.60 | 1.24 | 8.57 | 1.63 | 4.376 | ≤.050 | a<b>c |
| Sleep habits | 3.17 | 1.19 | 4.84 | 1.18 | 5.34 | 1.07 | 855.823 | ≤.001 | a<b<c |
In bold – values that correspond to an adjusted residual ≥│1.9│.