Table 2:
Summary of brain functional imaging studies in migraine.
| Authors | Technique | Headache | Participants (N) | Conclusion | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kim et al. (2010) | 18FDG-PET | Migraine | 40 | Hypometabolism in regions known to be involved in central pain processing (bilateral insula, bilateral ACC and PCC, left premotor and PFP, and left primary SSC). | Kim JH, Kim S, Suh SI, et al. Interictal metabolic changes in episodic migraine: a voxel-based FDG-PET study. Cephalalgia. 2010; 30(1):53–61. |
| Shin et al. (2014) | 18FDG-PET | Spontaneous Migraine | 2 | Activation of the vestibulo-thalamocortical pathway and decreased metabolism in the VC. | Shin JH, Kim YK, Kim HJ, Kim JS. Altered brain metabolism in vestibular migraine: comparison of interictal and ictal findings. Cephalalgia. 2014; 34(1):58–67. |
| Kassab et al. (2009) | 18FDG-PET | Migraine | 25 | Metabolic disturbance in posterior white matter of cerebrum and cerebellum in migraneurs. | Kassab M, Bakhtar O, Wack D, Bednarczyk E. Resting brain glucose uptake in headache-free migraineurs. Headaches, 2009; 49(1):90–97. |
| Hadjikhani et al. (2001) | Event-related fMRI | Migraine with Aura | 3 | Focal increase in BOLD signal within extrastriate cortex progressing contiguously and slowly over occipital cortex during visual aura. | Hadjikhani N, Sanchez del Rio M, Wu O, et al. Mechanisms of migraine aura revealed by functional MRI in human visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001; 98(8):4687–92. |
| Moulton et al. (2008) | Event-related fMRI | Migraine | 24 | Hypo-function of nucleus cuneiforms in migraine patients. | Moulton EA, Burstein R, Tully S, et al. Interictal dysfunction of a brainstem descending modulatory center in migraine patients. PLoS One. 2008;3:e3799. |
| Moulton et al. (2011) | Event-related fMRI | Migraine | 17 | Increase BOLD response to trigeminal painful stimulation in TP and EC in migraine patients, during the interictal period. | Moulton EA, Becerra L, Maleki N, et al. Painful heat reveals hyperexcitability of the temporal pole in interictal and ictal migraine states. Cereb Cortex. 2011; 21:435–48. |
| Russo et al. (2012) | Event-related fMRI | Migraine without Aura | 32 | Increasing BOLD response in perigenual part of ACC at 51 degrees C, and divergent response in pons in migraine patients. | Russo A, Tessitore A, Esposito F, et al. Pain processing in patients with migraine: an event-related fMRI study during trigeminal nociceptive stimulation. J Neurol. 2012; 259:1903–12. |
| Stankewitz (2011) | Event-related fMRI | Migraine | 40 | Increased BOLD response in PFC, ACC, red nucleus, and ventral medulla in migraine patients and a decreasein HC, without changes in pain perception. | Stankewitz A, May A. Increased limbic and brainstem activity during migraine attacks following olfactory stimulation. Neurology. 2011; 77(5):476–82. |
| Schulte et al. (2017) | Event-related fMRI | Migraine | 54 | Significantly stronger activation of the anterior right hypothalamus in chronic migraine patients compared to HC. | Schulte LH, Allers A, May A. Hypothalamus as a mediator of chronic migraine evidence from high-resolution fMRI. Neurology. 2017; 88(21):2011–6. |
| Russo et al. (2017) | Event-related fMRI | Migraine without Aura | 60 | Increased BOLD response in the MFG. | Russo A, Esposito F, Conte F, et al. Functional interictal changes of pain processing in migraine with ictal cutaneous allodynia. Cephalalgia. 2017; 37(4):305–14. |
| Schwedt et al. (2014) | Event-related fMRI | Migraine without Aura | 51 | Greater activation in cortical and subcortical areas involved in pain processing in migraine patients within the interictal period. | Schwedt TJ, Chong CD, Chiang CC, et al. Enhanced pain-induced activity of pain-processing regions in a case-control study of episodic migraine. Cephalalgia. 2014; 34(12):947–58. |
| Schulte et al. (2016) | Event-related fMRI | Migraine without Aura | 1 | Hypothalamic activity increases towards the next migraine attack. Altered functional coupling between the hypothalamus, spinal trigeminal nuclei, and the dorsal rostral pons. | Schulte LH, May A. The migraine generator revisted: continuous scanning of the migraine cycle over 30 days and three spontaneous attacks. Brain. 2016; 139 (Pt 7):1987–93. |
| Martin et al. (2011) | Event-related fMRI | Migraine | 38 | Hyperexcitability of theVC with a wider photoresponsive area in migraine patients during interictal periods. | Martin H, Sanchez del Rio M, de Silanes CL, et al. Photoreactivity of the occipital cortex measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging-blood oxygenation level dependant in migraine patients and healthy volunteers: pathophysiological implications. Headache. 2011; 51(10):1520–8. |
| Datta et al. (2013) | Event-related fMRI | Migraine | 75 | Greater response to visual stimulation within primary VC and lateral geniculate nuclei in patients with MwA compared to patients with MwoA and HC. | Datta R, Aguirre GK, Hu S, et al. Interictal cortical hyperresponsiveness in mingraine is directly relatedto the presence of aura. Cephalalgia. 2013; 33:365–74. |
| Hougaard et al. (2014) | Event-related fMRI | Migraine with Aura | 20 | Greater response in cortical area which belong to an advanced visual network (i.e., inferor parietal and frontal gyrus, superior parietal lobule). | Hougaard A, Amin FM, Hoffman MB, et al. Interhemispheric differences of fMRI responses to visual stimuli in patients with side-fixed migraine aura. Hum Brain Mapp. 2014; 35(6):2714–23. |
| Stankewitz et al. (2010) | Event-related fMRI | Migraine | 20 | Greater BOLD response in limbic structures as well as in the RoP in migraine patients during spontaneous and untreated attacks. | Stankewitz A, Voit HL, Bingel U, Peschke C, May A. A new trigemino-nociceptive stimulation model for event-related fMRI. Cephalalgia. 2010; 30:475–85. |
| Russo et al. (2014) | Event-related fMRI | Migraine without Aura | 24 | Greater response to vestibular stimuli in mediodorsal thalamusin patients with VM relative to both patients with MwoA and HC. | Russo A, Marcelli V, Esposito F, et al. Abnormal thalamic function in patients with vestibular migraine. Neurology. 2014; 82(23):2120–6. |
| Weiller et al. (1995) | H215O-labeled PET | Spontaneous Migraine | 9 | Activation in brainstem DoP, persistent even after injection of sumatriptan. | Weiller C, May A, Limmroth V, et al. Brainstem activation in spontaneous human migraine attacks. Nat Med. 1995: 1(7):658–60. |
| Afridi et al. (2005) | H215O-labeled PET | Induced Migraine | 6 | Activation in DoP during migraine attack, ipsilateral to side of pain, in migraine patients. | Afridi SK, Giffin NJ, Kaube H, et al. A positron emission tmographic study in spontaneous migraine. Arch Neurol. 2005; 62(8):1270–5. |
| Denuelle et al. (2007) | H215O-labeled PET | Migraine | 7 | Activations in midbrain, pons and hypothalamus during migrine attack and headache relief by sumatriptan. | Denuelle M, Fabre N, Payoux P, et al. Hypothalamic activation in spontaneous migraine attacks. Headache. 2007; 47(10):1418–26. |
| Denuelle et al. (2007) | H215O-labeled PET | Migraine | 7 | Activation in VC by luminous stimulation during migraine attack and aftr headache relief but not during interictal period. | Denuelle M, Fabre N, Payoux P, et al. Hypothalamic activation in spontaneous migraine attacks. Headache. 2007; 47(10):1418–26. |
| Maniyar et al. (2014) | H215O-labeled PET | Induced Migraine | 8 | Activations in the posterolateral hypothalamus, midbrain tegnental area, PAG, DP, and various cortical areas. | Maniyar FH, Sprenger T, Monteith T, et al. Brain activations in the premonitory phase of nitroglycerin-triggered migraine attacks. Brain. 2014; 137(Pt 1):232–41. |
| Maniyar et al. (2014) | H215O-labeled PET | Induced Migraine | 27 | Activation in brain circuits mediating nausea such rostal dorsal medulla and PAG. | Maniyar FH, Sprenger T, Schankin C, et al. The origin of nausea in migraine-a PET study. J Headache Pain. 2014; 15:84. |
| Boulloche et al. (2010) | H215O-labeled PET | Migraine | 14 | VC hyperexcitability potentiated by the concomitant heat pain stimulation. | Boulloche N, Denuelle M, Payoux P, Fabre N, Trotter Y, Geraud G. Photophobia in migraine: an interictal PET study of cortical hyperexcitability and its modulation by pain. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010; 81(9):978–84. |
| Denuelle et al. (2008) | H215O-labeled PET | Migraine | 7 | Activations in midbrain, pons and hypothalamus during migrine attack and headache relief by sumatriptan. | Denuelle M, Fabre N, Payoux P, Chollet F, Geraud G. Posterior cerebral hypoperfusion in migraine without aura. Cephalalgia. 2008; 28(8):856–862. |
| Denuelle et al. (2011) | H215O-labeled PET | Migraine | 8 | Activation in visual cortex by luminous stimulation during migraine attack and after headache relief but not during interictal period. | Denuelle M, Boulloche N, Payoux P, Fabre N, Trotter Y, Geraud G. A PET study of photophobia during spontaneous migraine attacks. Neurology. 2011; 76(3):213–218. |
| Dermarquay et al. (2008) | H215O-labeled PET | Migraine | 23 | Activation in piriform cortex and anterosuperior temporal gyrus in olfactory hypersensitivity and odor-triggered headache attack in migraineurs. | Demarquay G, Royet JP, Mick G, Ryvlin P. Olfactory hypersensitivity in migraineurs: a H(2)(15)O-PET study. Cephalalgia. 2008; 28(10):1069–1080. |
| Coppola et al. (2017) | Resting-state fMRI | Migraine | 32 | Increased FC between MPFC and and both PCC and bilateral insula. | Coppola G, Di Renzo A, Tinelli E, et al. Resting state connectivity between default mode network and insula and encodes acute migraine headache. Cephalalgia. 2017;1:333102417715230. |
| Mainero et al. (2010) | Resting-state fMRI | Migraine | 34 | Decrease functional resting-state connectivity between PAG and brain regions invovled in pain processing. | Mainero C, Boshyan J, Hadjikhani N. Altered functional magnetic resonance imaging resting-state connectivity in periaqueductal gray networks in migraine. Ann Neurol. 2011; 70(5):838–45. |
| Tessitore et al. (2013) | Resting-state fMRI | Migraine | 40 | Decreased FC in prefrontal and temporal regions of DMN in migraine patients. | Tessitore A, Russo A, Giordano A, et al. Disrupted default mode network connectivity in migraine without aura. J Headache Pain. 2013; 14:89. |
| Russo et al. (2012) | Resting-state fMRI | Migraine without Aura | 28 | Reduction in the MFG and the ACC in migraine patients with MwoA. | Russo A, Tessitore A, Giordano A, et al. Executive resting-state network connectivity in migraine without aura. Cephalalgia. 2012; 32(14):1041–8. |
| Tessitore et al. (2015) | Resting-state fMRI | Migraine with Aura | 60 | Reduction in the MFG and the ACC in migraine patients with MwA. | Tessitore A, Russo A, Conte F, et al. Abnormal connectivity within executive resting-state network in migraine with aura. Headache. 2015; 55(6):794–805. |
| Tedeschi et al. (2016) | Resting-state fMRI | Migraine with Aura | 60 | Significant increased FC in the right lingual gyrus within the RS visual in patients with MwA. | Tedeschi G, Russo A, Conte F, et al. Increased interictal visual network connectivity in patients with migraine with aura. Cephalalgia. 2016; 36(2):139–47. |
| Niddam et al. (2015) | Resting-state fMRI | Migraine with Aura | 78 | Reduced FC between salience and visual networks in patients with MwA. | Niddam DM, Lai KL, Fuh JL, et al. Reduced functional connectivity between salience and visual networks in migraine with aura. Cephalalgia. 2015; 36(1):53–66. |
| Hougaard et al. (2015) | Resting-state fMRI | Migraine with Aura | 80 | No abnormalities of intrinsic brain connectivity in the interictal phase of MwA. | Hougaard A, Amin FM, Magon S, et al. No abnormalities of intrinsic brain connectivity in the interictal phase of migraine with aura. Eur J Neurol. 2015; 22(4):702-e46. |
| Zhao et al. (2013) | Resting-state fMRI | Migraine without Aura | 60 | Neuronal dsyfunction in the thalamus, brainstem, and temporal pole in patients with long-term disease duration compared with patients with short-term disease duration and HC. | Zhao L, Liu J, Dong X, et al. Alterations in regional homogeneity assessed by fMRI in patients with migraine without aura stratified by disease duration. J Headache Pain. 2013; 14:85. |
| Moulton et al. (2014) | Resting-state fMRI | Migraine without Aura | 24 | Increased FC between the hypothalamus and brain areas that regulate sympathetic and parasympathetic functions. | Moulton EA, Becerra L, Johnson A, et al. Altered hypothalamic functional connectivity with autonomic circuits and the locus coeruleus in migraine. PLoS One. 2014; 9(4):e95508. |
| Hadjikhani et al. (2013) | Resting-state fMRI | Migraine | 82 | Increased FC between the amygdala and visceroceptive insula in migraine patients. | Hadjikhani N, Ward N, Boshyan J, et al. The missing link: enhanced functional connectivity between amygdala and visceroceptive cortex in migraine. Cephalalgia. 2013; 33(15):1264–8. |
| Yu et al. (2012) | Resting-state fMRI | Migraine without Aura | 52 | Decreased ReHo values in supplementary motor area, rostral anterior cingulate, prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices in migraineurs. | Yu D, Yuan K, Zhao L, et al. Regional homogeneity abnormalities in patients with interictal migraine without aura: a resting-state study. NMR Biomed. 2012; 25(5):806–812. |
| Cao et al. (1999) | Task-related fMRI | Migraine | 18 | Activation of the red nucleus and substantia nigra in association with visually triggered symptions of migraine | Cao Y, Welch KM, Aurora S, Vikingstad EM. Functional MRI-BOLD of visually triggered headache in patients with migraine. Arch Neurol. 1999; 56(5):548–554. |
| Antal et al. (2011) | Task-related fMRI | Migraine | 36 | Hyperresponsivness of the VC beyond visual areas in migrainous even in the interictal period. | Antal A, Polania R, Saller K, et al. Differential activation of the middle-temporal complex to visual stimulation in migraineurs. Cephalagia. 2011; 31(3):338–345. |
| Vincent et al.(2003) | Task-related fMRI | Migraine with Aura | 10 | Activation in extrastriate visual cortex contralaterally to the side of stimulation in migraineurs. | Vincent M, Pedra E, Mourao-Miranda J, Bramati IE, Henrique AR, Moll J. Ehanced interictal responsiveness of the migraineous visual cortex to incongruent activation bar stimulation: a funcational MRI visual activation study. Cephalalgia. 2003; 23(9): 860–868. |
| Bramanti et al. (2005) | Task-related fMRI | Migraine with Aura | 1 | Different activation patterns in occipital cortex during headache attack and interictal. | Bramanti P, Grugno R, Vitetta A, Marino S, Di Bella P, Nappi G. Ictal and interictal hypoactivation of the occiptial cortex in migraine with aura. A neuroimaging and electrophysiological study. Funct Neurol. 2005; 20(4):169–171. |
| Huang et al. (2006) | Task-related fMRI | Migraine with Aura | 20 | No differences in visual cortical activation in migraineurs compared with HC. | Huang J, DeLano M, Cao Y. Visual cortical inhibitory function in migraine is not generally impaired: eveidence from a combined psychophysical test with an fMRI study. Cephalalgia. 2006; 26(5):554–560. |
| Stankewitz et al. (2011) | Task-related fMRI | Migraine | 40 | Lower activations in trigeminal nuclei during interictal; increased activation in dorsal pons. | Stankewitz A, Aderjan D, Eippert F, May A. Trigeminal nociceptive transmission in migraineurs predicts migraine attacks. J Neurosci. 2011; 31(6):1937–1943. |