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. 2022 Jan 4;12:811471. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.811471

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Copyright © 2022 Navarrete-Muñoz, Llorens, Benito and Rallón

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Role of Extracellular vesicles in HIV reservoir reactivation (EVs). (A) Potential use of EVs as latency reversing agents (LRAs) to reactivate latently HIV infected cells. Reactivated infected cells produce viral antigens and can be destroyed either by viral cytopathic effects and/or by the host immune system, while released virus can be blocked by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). (B) Different viral factors carried by EVs released from infected cells (left) and EVs released from uninfected cells (right) that could be involved in the induction of HIV transcription and consequently reactivation of HIV latency. Different molecular pathways involved in induction of HIV transcription are shown. Up-regulating actions are represented by black positive arrows.