Table 3.
Estimated crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and associated 95% CIs of suicide ideation associated with potential risk and protective COVID-19 related factors by measurement wave for the logistic model that included the entire sample over both measurement waves.
| Factors | Crude OR (95% CI)a | Adjusted OR (95% CI)b | |||
|
|
Wave 1 | Wave 2 | Wave 1 | Wave 2 | |
| Household composition | |||||
|
|
Alone | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
|
|
With children | 0.93 (0.78-1.11) | 1.02 (0.85-1.23) | 1.03 (0.83-1.27) | 1.05 (0.85-1.29) |
|
|
With others | 0.89 (0.75-1.06) | 0.88 (0.74-1.05) | 0.98 (0.81-1.20) | 0.94 (0.77-1.13) |
| Essential worker | |||||
|
|
No | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
|
|
Yes: health | 1.72 (1.45-2.04) | 1.60 (1.33-1.91) | 1.60 (1.31-1.96) | 1.36 (1.10-1.69) |
|
|
Yes: other | 1.43 (1.24-1.65) | 1.32 (1.14-1.52) | 1.29 (1.09-1.53) | 1.22 (1.03-1.44) |
| Self-isolation/quarantine | |||||
|
|
No | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
|
|
Yes: case/symptom-free | 1.16 (1.01-1.32) | 1.42 (1.24-1.63) | 1.08 (0.93-1.26) | 1.23 (1.05-1.44) |
|
|
Yes: case or symptoms | 3.16 (2.64-3.77) | 2.84 (2.42-3.34) | 2.39 (1.95-2.93) | 1.91 (1.58-2.32) |
| Financial losses | |||||
|
|
No | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
|
|
Yes | 1.39 (1.23-1.57) | 1.82 (1.62-2.06) | 1.09 (0.95-1.25) | 1.40 (1.22-1.60) |
|
|
Unsure/unknown | 1.95 (1.56-2.43) | 2.85 (2.15-3.78) | 1.79 (1.30-2.47) | 2.42 (1.50-3.91) |
| Threat perceived for oneself and/or family | |||||
|
|
High | 1.84 (1.64-2.07) | 1.47 (1.31-1.66) | 1.66 (1.44-1.90) | 1.31 (1.14-1.51) |
|
|
Otherwise | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Threat perceived for country and/or world | |||||
|
|
High | 1.00 (0.88-1.13) | 0.91 (0.80-1.04) | 0.85 (0.73-0.98) | 0.82 (0.70-0.96) |
|
|
Otherwise | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Being a victim of stigma | |||||
|
|
No | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
|
|
Yes | 3.34 (2.88-3.87) | 3.83 (3.27-4.49) | 2.58 (2.17-3.06) | 2.74 (2.26-3.31) |
|
|
Decline to answer | 1.64 (1.37-1.95) | 2.24 (1.73-2.89) | 1.15 (0.90-1.45) | 1.23 (0.78-1.95) |
| Level of information about COVID-19 | |||||
|
|
High | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
|
|
Otherwise | 0.96 (0.85-1.08) | 0.98 (0.86-1.11) | 0.91 (0.79-1.06) | 0.97 (0.83-1.13) |
| Trust in authorities score | |||||
|
|
Q1 (low) | 1.39 (1.19-1.63) | 1.39 (1.19-1.63) | 1.56 (1.29-1.89) | 1.40 (1.15-1.71) |
|
|
Q2 | 1.15 (0.98-1.36) | 1.27 (1.08-1.50) | 1.29 (1.06-1.57) | 1.34 (1.10-1.63) |
|
|
Q3 | 0.96 (0.81-1.13) | 1.11 (0.95-1.31) | 1.06 (0.87-1.28) | 1.09 (0.90-1.32) |
|
|
Q4 (high) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Internet-based social media as a regular source of information | |||||
|
|
Often/always | 1.35 (1.19-1.52) | 1.54 (1.35-1.75) | 1.11 (0.96-1.30) | 1.47 (1.25-1.72) |
|
|
Sometimes/never | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Friends/family/co-workers as a regular source of information | |||||
|
|
Often/always | 1.23 (1.10-1.38) | 1.14 (1.01-1.28) | 1.06 (0.92-1.23) | 0.96 (0.83-1.11) |
|
|
Sometimes/never | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Sense of coherence | |||||
|
|
Stronger (5-6) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
|
|
Weaker (0-4) | 3.96 (3.36-4.67) | 4.56 (3.85-5.40) | 3.80 (3.18-4.55) | 4.39 (3.66-5.27) |
aAdjusted for gender, age group, country, measurement wave, age group × gender, country × gender, age group × country, and age group × measurement wave.
bAdjusted for all variables included within this table, together with their interaction by measurement wave and the main effect and interactions terms included within the crude analysis.