Table 1.
Patient’s demographic and radio-clinical characteristics at the time of admission
| Total (n=80) | Discharged (n=67) | Deceased (n=13) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 54.29±15.21 | 53.85±15.64 | 56.54±13.13 | 0.56 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 52 (65.0) | 41 (61.1) | 11 (84.6) | 0.12 |
| Female | 28 (35.0) | 26 (38.8) | 2 (13.4) | |
| Duration of hospitalization (days) | 10.73±7.9 | 9.34±7.42 | 16.38±7.5 | 0.007 |
| O2 saturation (%) | 89.15±5.59 | 89.48±5.34 | 87.46±6.70 | 0.24 |
| Signs and symptoms | ||||
| Fever | 50 (62.5) | 42 (62.7) | 8 (61.5) | 0.94 |
| Cough | 57 (71.3) | 49 (73.1) | 8 (61.5) | 0.51 |
| Sore throat | 10 (12.5) | 9 (13.4) | 1 (7.7) | 0.99 |
| Dyspnea | 51 (63.7) | 44 (65.7) | 7 (53.8) | 0.53 |
| Chilling | 14 (17.5) | 13 (19.4) | 1 (7.7) | 0.45 |
| Headache | 10 (12.5) | 9 (13.4) | 1 (7.7) | 0.99 |
| Myalgia | 21 (26.3) | 18 (26.9) | 3 (23.1) | 0.99 |
| Nausea | 8 (10.0) | 7 (10.4) | 1 (7.7) | 0.99 |
| Abdominal pain | 9 (11.3) | 7 (10.4) | 2 (15.3) | 0.63 |
| Diarrhea | 8 (10.0) | 6 (8.9) | 2 (15.3) | 0.61 |
| Comorbidity status | ||||
| Asthma | 7 (8.8) | 6 (8.9) | 1 (7.7) | 0.99 |
| DM | 12 (15.0) | 11 (16.4) | 1 (7.7) | 0.68 |
| IHD | 15 (18.8) | 11 (16.4) | 4 (30.8) | 0.25 |
| HTN | 20 (25.0) | 18 (26.9) | 2 (15.3) | 0.50 |
| CKD | 19 (23.8) | 12 (17.9) | 7 (53.8) | 0.01 |
| Liver disease | 1 (1.3) | 1 (1.5) | - | 0.99 |
| Immunocompromised condition | 12 (15.0) | 7 (10.4) | 5 (38.5) | 0.02 |
| Comorbidity* | 45 (56.3) | 35 (52.2) | 1 (7.7) | 0.10 |
| Involvement pattern | ||||
| Ground glass opacity | 53 (66.3) | 45 (67.1) | 8 (61.5) | 0.31 |
| Consolidation | 13 (16.3) | 9 (13.4) | 4 (30.7) | |
| Reticular | 8 (10.0) | 8 (11.9) | - | |
| Mixed | 5 (7.5) | 5 (83.3) | 1 (16.7) | |
| Lesion distribution | ||||
| Peripheral | 50 (73.8) | 50 (74.6) | 9 (69.2) | 0.78 |
| Central | 8 (10.0) | 7 (10.4) | 1 (7.7) | |
| Diffuse | 13 (16.2) | 10 (14.9) | 3 (23.1) | |
| Upper zone score | 2 (1-3) | 2 (0-3) | 3 (2-5) | 0.006 |
| Middle zone score | 3 (2-5) | 3 (2-4) | 6 (5-6.5) | <0.001 |
| Lower zone score | 4 (2-6) | 3 (2-5) | 7 (4.5-8) | <0.001 |
| Total score | 9.76±5.73 | 8.67±5.28 | 15.38±4.25 | <0.001 |
| Abnormal imaging findings | ||||
| Airway thickening | 62 (77.5) | 50 (80.6) | 12 (19.4) | 0.28 |
| Crazy paving | 9 (11.3) | 8 (11.9) | 1 (7.7) | 0.99 |
| Reverse halo | 1 (1.3) | 1 (1.5) | - | 0.99 |
| Lymph node | 4 (5.0) | 3 (4.4) | 1 (7.6) | 0.52 |
| Dilated vessels | 55 (68.8) | 42 (62.6) | 13 (100) | 0.007 |
| Airway dilatation | 37 (46.3) | 28 (41.8) | 9 (69.2) | 0.11 |
| Air bronchogram | 25 (31.3) | 18 (26.9) | 7 (53.8) | 0.09 |
| Septal thickening | 11 (13.8) | 9 (13.4) | 2 (15.3) | 0.99 |
| Pericardial effusion | 15 (18.8) | 12 (17.9) | 3 (23.1) | 0.70 |
| Pleural effusion | 14 (17.5) | 11 (16.4) | 3 (23.1) | 0.69 |
| Laboratory parameters | ||||
| WBC count (×109/L) | 5.3 (4.1-7.3) | 5.2 (4.1-6.9) | 6.4 (4.0-8.6) | 0.44 |
| Hb (g/dl) | 13.72±2.60 | 13.94±2.58 | 12.61±2.52 | 0.09 |
| Platelet (×109/L) | 189 (139-241) | 197 (144-251) | 171 (128.8-208) | 0.18 |
| Neutrophil count (×109/L) | 7.2 (6.5-7.9) | 7.2 (6.5-7.7) | 7.5 (6.8-8.9) | 0.09 |
| Lymphocyte count (×109/L) | 1.1 (0.9-1.7) | 1.2 (0.9-1.8) | 1.0 (0.7-1.2) | 0.02 |
| NLR | 2.9 (2.2-4.0) | 2.8 (2.0-3.9) | 3.8 (2.5-11.2) | 0.04 |
| PLR | 76.0 (52.8-119.7) | 74.3 (52.7-113.5) | 93.5 (41.5-202.7) | 0.02 |
| Eosin (%) | 2 (1-2) | 2 (1-2) | 2 (1-3) | 0.67 |
| Troponin (ng/ml×103) | 2 (1-5) | 2 (1-4) | 4 (1-8) | 0.15 |
| Cr (mg/dl) | 1.3 (1.0-1.9) | 1.2 (1.0-1.5) | 2.3 (1.5-4.1) | 0.002 |
| BUN (mg/dl) | 30 (18-50.5) | 28 (16-40) | 93 (40-153.5) | <0.001 |
| CRP (mg/l) | 37.5 (16.3-50) | 36 (14.5-48) | 49.0 (34-57) | 0.04 |
| CPK (IU/l) | 141.5 (52-386) | 153 (55-398) | 94 (43-321) | 0.68 |
| LDH (IU/l) | 434.5 (332-570) | 390 (321-501) | 578 (455-1316) | 0.002 |
| LCR | 0.61 (0.42-1.6) | 0.68 (0.46-2.8) | 0.36 (0.22-0.55) | <0.001 |
Data are represented as mean±SD, median (Q1-Q3) and frequency (percentage). *Defined as the presence of any co-existing morbidity including hypertension, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, asthma, chronic lung disease, chronic liver disease, CKD, or immunocompromised condition. Mean and median differences were tested using independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U test, respectively. The distribution of categorical data was compared by Chi-square test (with exact P value). O2 saturation=Oxygen saturation; DM=Diabetes mellitus; IHD=Ischemic heart disease; HTN=Hypertension; CKD=Chronic kidney disease; WBC=White blood cell; Hb=Hemoglobin; NLR=Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PLR=Platelet to lymphocyte ratio; Cr=Creatinine; BUN=Blood urea nitrogen; CRP=C-reactive protein; CPK=Creatine phosphokinase; LDH=Lactate dehydrogenase; LCR=Lymphocyte-to-C-reactive protein; SD=Standard deviation