As Mark Mattson was starting his career, the field of neuroscience was reinterpreting aging as a separate condition from peripheral and neurodegenerative diseases. Dr. Mattson’s decades of work identified many bidirectional regulators of neuroplasticity and neurodegenerative disorders. This figure depicts a subset of these bidirectional relationships, which were extracted from (n=948) Pubmed citations of Mark Mattson’s work. Bidirectional relationships were defined by published research articles demonstrating opposing regulation of a molecular target or biological process using gain- or loss-of-function approaches. For this figure, published work using in vivo or in vitro models of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease were considered CNS diseases, while findings from animal models of diabetes and/or obesity were considered peripheral diseases. See Supplementary Tables 1–2 for supporting references.