Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the patients.
| Standard lifestyle | Intensive lifestyle | |
|---|---|---|
| Demographic | ||
| Age (y) | 191 | 188 |
| 32.4 ± 4.0 | 32.1 ± 4.5 | |
| 32.0 (30.0 to 35.0) | 32.0 (29.0 to 35.0) | |
| Level of education | ||
| High school graduate or less | 19/191 (9.9%) | 20/188 (10.6%) |
| College graduate or some college | 134/191 (70.2%) | 138/188 (73.4%) |
| Graduate degree | 38/191 (19.9%) | 30/188 (16.0%) |
| Ethnicity | ||
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 177/191 (92.7%) | 179/188 (95.2%) |
| Hispanic or Latino | 9/191 (4.7%) | 3/188 (1.6%) |
| Unknown | 5/191 (2.6%) | 6/188 (3.2%) |
| Race | ||
| White | 140/191 (73.3%) | 126/188 (67.0%) |
| Black | 37/191 (19.4%) | 45/188 (23.9%) |
| Asian | 3/191 (1.6%) | 4/188 (2.1%) |
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 2/191 (1.0%) | 2/188 (1.1%) |
| Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander | 0/191 (0.0%) | 0/188 (0.0%) |
| Unknown | 4/191 (2.1%) | 5/188 (2.7%) |
| Mixed race | 5/191 (2.6%) | 6/188 (3.2%) |
| How long has the patient been attempting conception (months)? | 188 | 187 |
| 39.1 ± 33.0 | 38.7 ± 28.6 | |
| 25.0 (16.5 to 48.0) | 24.0 (18.0 to 48.0) | |
| Prior live birth | 70/191 (36.6%) | 57/187 (30.5%) |
| Current smoker | 16/191 (8.4%) | 16/188 (8.5%) |
| Weight (kg) | 191 | 187 |
| 107.4 ± 20.8 | 108.4 ± 22.7 | |
| 106.3 (91.8 to 119.9) | 105.0 (92.9 to 120.3) | |
| BMI at baseline (kg/m2) | 191 | 188 |
| 39.4 ± 6.9 | 39.2 ± 7.0 | |
| 38.1 (33.9 to 44.3) | 37.8 (33.6 to 43.4) | |
| Waist circumference at baseline (cm) | 191 | 188 |
| 115.3 ± 15.6 | 115.6 ± 15.6 | |
| 114.0 (103.5 to 125.0) | 113.0 (104.1 to 123.5) | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 189 | 187 |
| 123.3 ± 11.4 | 123.7 ± 12.6 | |
| 122.0 (116.0 to 131.0) | 124.0 (115.0 to 131.0) | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 190 | 187 |
| 79.8 ± 10.6 | 80.0 ± 9.9 | |
| 80.0 (74.0 to 87.0) | 81.0 (74.0 to 86.0) | |
| Average steps per day at baseline (steps) | 189 | 187 |
| 6,945 ± 2,770 | 6,723 ± 2,501 | |
| 6,635 (4,845 to 8,708) | 6,260 (4,869 to 8,091) | |
| Standard lifestyle | Intensive lifestyle | |
| Biochemical | ||
| Total testosterone (ng/dL) | 189 | 185 |
| 23.3 ± 15.2 | 26.1 ± 17.4 | |
| 18.5 (12.1 to 30.8) | 20.7 (13.3 to 33.1) | |
| SHBG (nmol/L) | 190 | 185 |
| 35.8 ± 18.9 | 39.0 ± 19.9 | |
| 32.9 (23.6 to 43.4) | 34.3 (25.9 to 48.4) | |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 190 | 185 |
| 95.4 ± 14.3 | 94.0 ± 13.6 | |
| 92.4 (84.7 to 104.2) | 91.8 (85.3 to 99.3) | |
| Fasting insulin (uIU/mL) | 188 | 185 |
| 17.9 ± 20.7 | 19.3 ± 16.9 | |
| 14.0 (9.1 to 19.8) | 14.7 (9.5 to 22.8) | |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 190 | 185 |
| 77.9 ± 49.7 | 79.9 ± 49.8 | |
| 62.2 (44.6 to 85.7) | 66.1 (48.5 to 86.2) | |
| HbA1c (%) | 172 | 169 |
| 5.5 ± 0.4 | 5.4 ± 0.4 | |
| 5.4 (5.2 to 5.7) | 5.4 (5.2 to 5.6) | |
| Adiponectin (ng/mL) | 190 | 185 |
| 12,517 ± 8,323.9 | 11,409 ± 6,969.8 | |
| 10,518 (6,909.4 to 15,634) | 9,746.6 (6,536.0 to 13,963) | |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 189 | 185 |
| 7.5 ± 6.4 | 9.9 ± 13.7 | |
| 5.7 (2.8 to 10.1) | 6.2 (2.9 to 13.1) | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 183 | 176 |
| 186.8 ± 35.0 | 187.3 ± 33.9 | |
| 183.0 (161.0 to 210.0) | 183.5 (165.5 to 210.0) | |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 183 | 176 |
| 128.8 ± 62.5 | 130.0 ± 59.2 | |
| 118.0 (83.0 to 158.0) | 117.0 (90.5 to 157.0) | |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 183 | 176 |
| 40.3 ± 9.0 | 40.1 ± 8.4 | |
| 39.0 (34.0 to 46.0) | 39.5 (33.5 to 45.0) | |
| Integrated biometric and biochemical | ||
| Metabolic syndrome | 98/183 (53.6%) | 93/176 (52.8%) |
| Questionnaire | ||
| Total score of fertility QoLa | 188 | 184 |
| 75.7 ± 13.1 | 78.0 ± 12.6 | |
| 77.1 (66.7 to 85.9) | 80.7 (69.8 to 87.5) | |
| Male partner | ||
| Age (y), maleb | 191 | 187 |
| 34.9 ± 5.8 | 33.5 ± 5.3 | |
| 35.0 (30.0 to 39.0) | 33.0 (30.0 to 37.0) | |
| BMI (kg/m2), male | 191 | 188 |
| 32.8 ± 7.5 | 32.5 ± 7.7 | |
| 32.3 (26.9 to 37.2) | 30.9 (27.5 to 36.0) | |
| Total motile sperm (million) | 191 | 188 |
| 86.4 ± 154.6 | 77.7 ± 85.3 | |
| 44.5 (21.6 to 105.3) | 46.9 (21.5 to 94.7) | |
Continuous variables are shown as n (top), mean ± SD (middle), and median (interquartile range) (bottom). Categorical variables are shown as no./total n (%).
aScore ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better quality of life.
bP = 0.025 for the comparison between the 2 groups.
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; QoL, Quality of Life; SHBG, sex hormone–binding globulin.