Table 2. Effect of 16-week lifestyle intervention programs on biometric and biochemical parameters.
| Standard lifestyle | Intensive lifestyle | P valueb | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Biometric | |||
| Change in average steps per day (steps) | 187 | 185 | |
| 1,819 ± 2,844 | 2,022 ± 2,794 | ||
| 1,732 (61 to 3,840) | 2,108 (140 to 4,245) | 0.430 | |
| Absolute change BMI (kg/m2) | 184 | 180 | |
| −0.1 ± 1.3 | −2.6 ± 2.1 | ||
| −0.1 (−0.8 to 0.6) | −2.3 (−4.2 to −1.0) | <0.001 | |
| Absolute change in weight (kg) | 184 | 180 | |
| −0.3 ± 3.4 | −7.3 ± 6.0 | ||
| −0.3 (−2.2 to 1.5) | −6.4 (−11.4 to −2.9) | <0.001 | |
| Percentage of weight (%) | 184 | 180 | |
| −0.3 ± 3.2 | −6.6 ± 5.4 | ||
| −0.3 (−2.0 to 1.5) | −6.2 (−10.3 to −2.9) | <0.001 | |
| Weight loss by 5% or more | 12/184 (6.5%) | 107/180 (59.4%) | <0.001 |
| Weight loss by 10% or more | 2/184 (1.1%) | 48/180 (26.7%) | <0.001 |
| Absolute change in systolic blood pressure | 182 | 180 | |
| −1.1 ± 12.7 | −3.1 ± 11.6 | ||
| 0.0 (−9.0 to 8.0) | −4.5 (−10.5 to 5.0) | 0.064 | |
| Absolute change in diastolic blood pressure | 183 | 180 | |
| 0.3 ± 10.8 | −1.8 ± 10.3 | ||
| 1.0 (−6.0 to 5.0) | −2.0 (−8.5 to 4.0) | 0.012 | |
| Absolute change in waist circumference (cm) | 184 | 180 | |
| −0.8 ± 6.8 | −7.7 ± 8.4 | ||
| −1.0 (−5.0 to 3.0) | −7.0 (−12.0 to −2.3) | <0.001 | |
| Biochemical | |||
| Total testosterone (ng/dL) | 156 | 146 | |
| 1.1 ± 14.0 | −3.6 ± 13.1 | ||
| 0.0 (−7.9 to 9.1) | −3.5 (−11.3 to 2.5) | 0.002 | |
| SHBG (nmol/L) | 159 | 149 | |
| 1.5 ± 14.1 | 4.6 ± 14.2 | ||
| 0.6 (−5.3 to 6.3) | 2.5 (−3.6 to 13.4) | 0.018 | |
| Fasting insulin (uIU/mL) | 158 | 149 | |
| −1.2 ± 22.1 | −4.1 ± 15.0 | ||
| 0.0 (−3.9 to 3.7) | −3.7 (−7.6 to 0.3) | <0.001 | |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 160 | 149 | |
| −5.1 ± 37.6 | −29.0 ± 43.0 | ||
| −2.4 (−20.0 to 13.5) | −21.1 (−38.2 to −6.4) | <0.001 | |
| 133 | 125 | ||
| HgbA1c (%) | 0.09 ± 0.33 | −0.03 ± 0.25 | |
| 0.10 (−0.10 to 0.20) | 0.00 (−0.20 to 0.10) | 0.005 | |
| Adiponectin (ng/mL) | 160 | 149 | |
| −324.6 ± 7,402.0 | 1,900.0 ± 6,333.8 | ||
| 114.7 (−2,389 to 2,813.2) | 1,555.0 (−500.5 to 4,751.0) | 0.001 | |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 159 | 149 | |
| 0.4 ± 5.2 | −2.3 ± 14.1 | ||
| 0.3 (−1.6 to 2.1) | −1.1 (−2.9 to 0.6) | <0.001 | |
| Standard lifestyle | Intensive lifestyle | P value | |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 152 | 136 | |
| −2.1 ± 50.3 | −15.9 ± 48.9 | ||
| −1.0 (−25.0 to 18.5) | −15.0 (−35.0 to 3.5) | 0.005 | |
| Integrated biochemical and biometric | |||
| Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome | 78/158 (49.4%) | 46/143 (32.2%) | 0.003 |
| Questionnaire | |||
| Total score of fertility QoLa | 161 | 146 | |
| −0.8 ± 9.0 | −1.6 ± 10.2 | ||
| 0.0 (−6.3 to 5.2) | −0.4 (−7.3 to 5.2) | 0.670 | |
Continuous variables are shown as n (top), mean ± SD (middle), and median (interquartile range) (bottom). Categorical variables are shown as no./total n (%) at the end of the intervention. Data reported are the change from baseline reported in Table 1.
aScore ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better quality of life.
bP values were calculated using chi-squared or Fisher exact test for categorical variables and Wilcoxon rank sum test for continuous variables.
BMI, body mass index; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; QoL, Quality of Life; SHBG, sex hormone–binding globulin.