Table 3. Pregnancy outcomes according to intervention groups.
| Standard lifestyle | Intensive lifestyle | Rate ratio in intensive lifestyle group (95% CI) | P valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Good live birth | 29/191 (15.2%) | 23/188 (12.2%) | 0.81 (0.48 to 1.34) | 0.404 |
| Live birth | 42/191 (22.0%) | 38/188 (20.2%) | 0.92 (0.62 to 1.36) | 0.672 |
| Singleton live birth | 39/42 (92.9%) | 32/38 (84.2%) | 0.91 (0.77 to 1.07) | 0.296 |
| Twin live birth | 3/42 (7.1%) | 6/38 (15.8%) | 2.21 (0.59 to 8.23) | 0.296 |
| Birth weight, grams | N = 42 | N = 36 | ||
| 3,105.9 ± 794.4 | 3,198.9 ± 711.7 | |||
| 3,189.3 (2,636.5 to 3,671.3) | 3,217.7 (2,802.4 to 3,642.9) | 0.952 | ||
| Low birth weight (<2,500 g) | 8/42 (19.0%) | 5/36 (13.9%) | 0.73 (0.26 to 2.03) | 0.542 |
| High birth weight (>4,000 g) | 5/42 (11.9%) | 4/36 (11.1%) | 0.93 (0.27 to 3.22) | 1.000 |
| Duration of pregnancy, weeks | N = 42 | N = 36 | ||
| 37.8 ± 2.6 | 38.2 ± 1.7 | |||
| 38.8 (37.0 to 39.0) | 38.3 (37.0 to 39.5) | 0.984 | ||
| Method of delivery | ||||
| Vaginal birth | 17/40 (42.5%) | 17/36 (47.2%) | 1.11 (0.67 to 1.83) | 0.679 |
| Cesarean section | 23/40 (57.5%) | 19/36 (52.8%) | 0.92 (0.61 to 1.38) | 0.679 |
| Conception | 59/191 (30.9%) | 63/188 (33.5%) | 1.08 (0.81 to 1.45) | 0.585 |
| Time to conception, days | N = 52 | N = 59 | ||
| 158.1 ± 80.1 | 148.6 ± 62.4 | |||
| 163.0 (98.5 to 214.0) | 160.0 (102.0 to 190.0) | 0.564 | ||
| Clinical pregnancy | 47/191 (24.6%) | 52/188 (27.7%) | 1.12 (0.80 to 1.58) | 0.499 |
| Pregnancy | 45/191 (23.6%) | 48/188 (25.5%) | 1.08 (0.76 to 1.54) | 0.656 |
| Singleton pregnancy | 42/45 (93.3%) | 41/48 (85.4%) | 0.92 (0.80 to 1.05) | 0.319 |
| Twin pregnancy | 3/45 (6.7%) | 7/48 (14.6%) | 2.19 (0.60 to 7.95) | 0.319 |
| Sex ratio at birth (boys: girls) | 0.88 (21:24) | 0.76 (19:25) | 0.87 (0.38 to 2.00) | 0.741 |
| Pregnancy loss among women who conceived | 14/59 (23.7%) | 24/63 (38.1%) | 1.61 (0.92 to 2.80) | 0.087 |
| Loss in first trimester | 14/59 (23.7%) | 21/63 (33.3%) | 1.40 (0.79 to 2.50) | 0.241 |
| Biochemical | 6/59 (10.2%) | 7/63 (11.1%) | 1.09 (0.39 to 3.06) | 0.866 |
| Miscarriage | 3/59 (5.1%) | 10/63 (15.9%) | 3.12 (0.90 to 10.79) | 0.077 |
| Ectopic pregnancy | 4/59 (6.8%) | 2/63 (3.2%) | 0.47 (0.09 to 2.46) | 0.428 |
| Pregnancy of unknown location | 1/59 (1.7%) | 2/63 (3.2%) | 1.87 (0.17 to 20.12) | 1.000 |
| Standard lifestyle | Intensive lifestyle | Rate ratio in intensive lifestyle group (95% CI) | P value a | |
| Loss in second or third trimester | 0/59 (0.0%) | 3/63 (4.8%) | NA | 0.245 |
Live birth was defined by the delivery of a live-born infant. Good live birth was defined by the delivery of a live birth of an infant born at ≥37 weeks, with a birth weight between 2,500 and 4,000 g and without a major congenital anomaly. Conception was defined as having a rising serum level of hCG for 2 consecutive tests. Clinical pregnancy was defined by the observation of gestational sac on ultrasound. Pregnancy was defined by observation of fetal heart motion on ultrasonography. Miscarriage was defined as the loss of a clinical pregnancy.
aP values were calculated with the use of the chi-squared test or Fisher exact test for categorical data and the Wilcoxon rank sum test for continuous data.
CI, confidence interval; hCG, human chorionic gonadotropin; NA, not applicable.