Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics
|
Kenya |
Tanzania |
Malawi |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases (n=430) | Controls (n=440) | Cases (n=310) | Controls (n=313) | Cases (n=539) | Controls (n=593) | ||
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 282 (66%) | 272 (62%) | 237 (76%) | 237 (76%) | 311 (58%) | 335 (56%) | |
| Female | 148 (34%) | 168 (38%) | 73 (24%) | 76 (24%) | 228 (42%) | 258 (44%) | |
| Mean age at diagnosis (cases) or interview (controls), years (SD) | 59 (14) | 57 (15) | 64 (14) | 62 (14) | 57 (14) | 56 (15) | |
| Ethnicity | |||||||
| Kalenjin | 247 (57%) | 233 (53%) | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
| Luhya | 100 (23%) | 95 (22%) | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
| Luo | 37 (9%) | 32 (7%) | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
| Kikuyu | 17 (4%) | 29 (7%) | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
| Other | 29 (7%) | 51 (12%) | 60 (19%) | 36 (12%) | 41 (8%) | 69 (12%) | |
| Chagga | .. | .. | 199 (64%) | 230 (73%) | .. | .. | |
| Pare | .. | .. | 16 (5%) | 33 (11%) | .. | .. | |
| Maasai | .. | .. | 19 (6%) | 10 (3%) | .. | .. | |
| Meru | .. | .. | 16 (5%) | 7 (2%) | .. | .. | |
| Lomwe | .. | .. | .. | .. | 146 (27%) | 171 (29%) | |
| Ngoni | .. | .. | .. | .. | 95 (18%) | 99 (17%) | |
| Yao | .. | .. | .. | .. | 87 (16%) | 86 (15%) | |
| Chewa | .. | .. | .. | .. | 66 (12%) | 60 (10%) | |
| Sena | .. | .. | .. | .. | 58 (11%) | 53 (9%) | |
| Mang'anja | .. | .. | .. | .. | 46 (9%) | 55 (9%) | |
| Religion* | |||||||
| Christian | 399 (93%) | 422 (96%) | 187 (88%) | 201 (86%) | 445 (83%) | 526 (89%) | |
| Muslim | 2 (<1%) | 4 (1%) | 24 (11%) | 33 (14%) | 59 (11%) | 50 (8%) | |
| Other | 29 (7%) | 14 (3%) | 2 (<1%) | 1 (<1%) | 35 (6%) | 17 (3%) | |
| Education | |||||||
| None | 104 (24%) | 100 (23%) | 63 (20%) | 21 (7%) | 108 (20%) | 96 (16%) | |
| Some primary | 163 (38%) | 110 (25%) | 89 (29%) | 69 (22%) | 243 (45%) | 229 (39%) | |
| Completed primary | 85 (20%) | 91 (21%) | 118 (38%) | 162 (52%) | 67 (12%) | 82 (14%) | |
| Secondary or higher | 78 (18%) | 139 (32%) | 40 (13%) | 61 (19%) | 121 (22%) | 186 (31%) | |
| Median number of children (IQR) | 6 (4–8) | 6 (4–8) | 6 (4–8) | 5 (4–7) | 5 (3–7) | 5 (3–8) | |
| Family history of oesophageal cancer | |||||||
| No or unknown | 400 (93%) | 419 (95%) | 283 (91%) | 303 (97%) | 482 (89%) | 542 (91%) | |
| Yes | 30 (7%) | 21 (5%) | 27 (9%) | 10 (3%) | 57 (11%) | 51 (9%) | |
Data are n (%) unless otherwise stated. ..=not applicable.
*
Excluding 175 participants (97 cases and 78 controls) in Tanzania who were recruited during the first 15 months and when this question was not asked, and one case in Malawi who did not provide an answer.