Table 3.
Association of alcohol consumption with oesophageal cancer risk in Kenya, Tanzania, and Malawi
|
Kenya |
Tanzania |
Malawi |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases (n=430) | Controls (n=440) | OR2 (95% CI) | Cases (n=310) | Controls (n=313) | OR2 (95% CI) | Cases (n=539) | Controls (n=593) | OR2 (95% CI) | ||
| Consumed alcohol | ||||||||||
| Both sexes | ||||||||||
| Never | 113 (26%) | 249 (57%) | 1 (ref) | 75 (24%) | 171 (55%) | 1 (ref) | 281 (52%) | 341 (58%) | 1 (ref) | |
| Ever | 317 (74%) | 191 (43%) | 2·88 (1·98–4·21) | 235 (76%) | 142 (45%) | 1·96 (1·20–3·20) | 258 (48%) | 252 (42%) | 0·87 (0·64–1·19) | |
| Men | ||||||||||
| Never | 40/282 (14%) | 124/272 (46%) | 1 (ref) | 35/237 (15%) | 123/237 (52%) | 1 (ref) | 105/311 (34%) | 118/335 (35%) | 1 (ref) | |
| Ever | 242/282 (86%) | 148/272 (54%) | 4·17 (2·56–6·90) | 202/237 (85%) | 114/237 (48%) | 2·95 (1·57–5·67) | 206/311 (66%) | 217/335 (65%) | 0·65 (0·43–0·96) | |
| Women | ||||||||||
| Never | 73/148 (49%) | 125/168 (74%) | 1 (ref) | 40/73 (55%) | 48/76 (63%) | 1 (ref) | 176/228 (77%) | 223/258 (86%) | 1 (ref) | |
| Ever | 75/148 (51%) | 43/168 (26%) | 1·80 (0·94–3·44) | 33/73 (45%) | 28/76 (37%) | 1·11 (0·47–2·65) | 52/228 (23%) | 35/258 (14%) | 1·60 (0·94–2·74) | |
| Never tobacco users | ||||||||||
| Never | 105/178 (59%) | 225/303 (74%) | 1 (ref) | 49/92 (53%) | 161/247 (65%) | 1 (ref) | 232/296 (78%) | 305/436 (70%) | 1 (ref) | |
| Ever | 73/178 (41%) | 78/303 (26%) | 2·42 (1·57–3·76) | 43/92 (47%) | 86/247 (35%) | 2·31 (1·28–4·24) | 64/296 (22%) | 131/436 (30%) | 0·75 (0·50–1·10) | |
| Ever tobacco users | ||||||||||
| Never | 8/252 (3%) | 24/137 (18%) | 1 (ref) | 26/218 (12%) | 10/66 (15%) | 1 (ref) | 49/243 (20%) | 36/157 (23%) | 1 (ref) | |
| Ever | 244/252 (97%) | 113/137 (82%) | 7·83 (3·36–20·20) | 192/218 (88%) | 56/66 (85%) | 1·49 (0·55–3·92) | 194/243 (80%) | 121/157 (77%) | 1·18 (0·68–2·06) | |
| Type of drinker by strength of beverage | ||||||||||
| Never drinker | 113 (26%) | 249 (57%) | 1 (ref) | 75 (24%) | 171 (55%) | 1 (ref) | 281 (52%) | 341 (58%) | 1 (ref) | |
| Low-ABV only | 40 (9%) | 52 (12%) | 1·44 (0·85–2·43) | 81 (26%) | 103 (33%) | 1·51 (0·90–2·53) | 71 (13%) | 88 (15%) | 0·83 (0·56–1·23) | |
| High-ABV | 277 (64%) | 139 (32%) | 3·73 (2·50–5·60) | 154 (50%) | 39 (12%) | 3·87 (2·04–7·38) | 187 (35%) | 164 (28%) | 0·90 (0·63–1·28) | |
| Average number of drinks, n per week | ||||||||||
| Never drinker | 113 (26%) | 249 (57%) | 1 (ref) | 75 (24%) | 171 (55%) | 1 (ref) | 281 (52%) | 341 (58%) | 1 (ref) | |
| <14 | 72 (17%) | 72 (16%) | 1·84 (1·16–2·90) | 32 (10%) | 40 (13%) | 1·55 (0·81–2·96) | 92 (17%) | 90 (15%) | 0·93 (0·64–1·36) | |
| 14–27 | 74 (17%) | 40 (9%) | 3·40 (2·03–5·75) | 29 (9%) | 44 (14%) | 1·04 (0·51–2·07) | 44 (8%) | 39 (7%) | 0·88 (0·52–1·51) | |
| 28–41 | 48 (11%) | 29 (7%) | 3·02 (1·67–5·54) | 22 (7%) | 20 (6%) | 1·59 (0·68–3·70) | 28 (5%) | 23 (4%) | 1·13 (0·60–2·15) | |
| ≥42 | 123 (29%) | 50 (11%) | 5·26 (3·18–8·82) | 152 (49%) | 38 (12%) | 4·82 (2·53–9·23) | 94 (17%) | 100 (17%) | 0·73 (0·48–1·10) | |
| Average ethanol intake, g per week | ||||||||||
| Never drinker | 113 (26%) | 249 (57%) | 1 (ref) | 75 (24%) | 171 (55%) | 1 (ref) | 281 (52%) | 341 (58%) | 1 (ref) | |
| <140 | 67 (16%) | 61 (14%) | 2·03 (1·27–3·26) | 39 (13%) | 35 (11%) | 1·95 (1·02–3·73) | 82 (15%) | 91 (15%) | 0·82 (0·56–1·21) | |
| 140–349 | 86 (20%) | 47 (11%) | 3·24 (1·98–5·35) | 46 (15%) | 61 (19%) | 1·03 (0·54–1·95) | 72 (13%) | 52 (9%) | 1·16 (0·74–1·84) | |
| 350–699 | 82 (19%) | 45 (10%) | 3·27 (1·97–5·49) | 54 (17%) | 30 (10%) | 2·09 (1·03–4·25) | 43 (8%) | 43 (7%) | 0·91 (0·54–1·53) | |
| ≥700 | 82 (19%) | 38 (9%) | 4·49 (2·59–7·87) | 69 (31%) | 16 (5%) | 6·25 (2·90–13·90) | 61 (11%) | 66 (11%) | 0·70 (0·43–1·11) | |
| Contribution from different drinks to total ethanol consumption, median % contribution | ||||||||||
| Traditional beer | 47% | 37% | 1·03 (0·97–1·09)* | 29% | 27% | 1·08 (0·96–1·21)* | 63% | 64% | 0·96 (0·91–1·02)* | |
| Commercial beer | 0% | 22% | 0·83 (0·77–0·90)* | 32% | 55% | 0·94 (0·85–1·02)* | 0 | 0 | 1·07 (0·99–1·16)* | |
| Chang'aa, gongo, or kachasu | 31% | 14% | 1·20 (1·12–1·30)* | 5% | 0 | 1·26 (1·06–1·53)* | 2% | 1% | 1·03 (0·96–1·10)* | |
| Commercial spirits | 0 | 0 | 0·77 (0·62–0·92)* | 0 | 0 | 0·92 (0·77–1·11)* | 0 | 0 | 0·90 (0·77–1·04)* | |
Data are n (%), unless otherwise indicated. Those who reported consuming at least one commercial or traditional distillation (eg, chang'aa, gongo, kachasu) of >30% ABV were categorised as high ABV drinkers. ORs were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, education and religion. All ORs were also adjusted for tobacco usage (ever or never) and tobacco frequency (number of tobacco products smoked or chewed per day) except in the cases of the tobacco use-specific models. ABV=alcohol by volume. OR=odds ratio.
*
Expressed per 10% absolute increase in ethanol from a given drink.