TABLE 2.
Details of ligaments in the intact model (Naserkhaki et al., 2018).
| Ligament | Element type | Element number | Origin and insertion | Length a |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALL | 5 parallel springs | 25 | Connecting the anterior side of the endplate from T12 to L5 and with attachment to discs | 15.58 |
| PLL | 6 parallel springs | 20 | Connecting the posterior side of the endplate from T12 to L5 and with attachment to discs | 7.66 |
| FCL | 8 parallel springs (each side) | 80 | Encasing the facet joints (each side) | 2.17 |
| FL | 9 parallel springs | 45 | Connecting the inferior and superior laminae of adjacent vertebra | 15.89 |
| ISL | 6 parallel springs | 30 | Connecting the inferior and superior edges of adjacent spinous processes | 8.85 |
| SSL | 1 parallel spring | 5 | Connecting the posterior tips of adjacent spinous processes | 27.49 |
| ITL | 2 parallel springs (each side) | 20 | Connecting the inferior and superior edges of the adjacent transverse process (each side) | 18.69 |
ALL, anterior longitudinal ligament; PLL, posterior longitudinal ligament; FCL, facet capsular ligament; LF, ligamentum flavum; ISL, interspinous ligament; SSL, supraspinous ligament; ITL, intertransverse ligament.
a
The length of each ligament of a represented segment L4-L5.