Table 2.

Prevalences for the use of illicit or prescription drugs for pharmacological neuroenhancement among students at the University of Mainz (n = 3984).

Use of any surveyed substance	Never used	Used
		Total responses	Within the last month	Within the last 12 months	More than 12 months ago
Prescription and illicit drugs
Methylphenidate	97.1% (n = 3868)	2.9% (n = 115)	0.7% (n = 26)	0.7% (n = 28)	1.6% (n = 61)
Amphetamine preparation	99.6% (n = 3969)	0.4% (n = 14)	0.1% (n = 4)	0.1% (n = 3)	0.8% (n = 7)
Atomoxetine	99.8% (n = 3976)	0.2% (n = 7)	0.1% (n = 5)	< 0.1% (n = 1)	< 0.1% (n = 1)
Modafinil	99.5% (n = 3965)	0.5% (n = 18)	0.2% (n = 9)	0.1% (n = 4)	0.1% (n = 5)
Ecstasy (MDMA)	98.3% (n = 3917)	1.7% (n = 67)	0.3% (n = 13)	0.6% (n = 25)	0.7% (n = 29)
Ephedrine	99.6% (n = 3967)	0.4% (n = 15)	0.1% (n = 2)	0.2% (n = 6)	0.2% (n = 7)
Cocaine	98.7% (n = 3931)	1.3% (n = 53)	0.2% (n = 8)	0.4% (n = 17)	0.7% (n = 28)
Amphetamine	98.2% (n = 3914)	1.8% (n = 70)	0.4% (n = 17)	0.5% (n = 19)	0.9% (n = 34)
Crystal Meth	99.9% (n = 3980)	0.1% (n = 4)	< 0.1% (n = 1)	0.1% (n = 2)	< 0.1% (n = 1)
Cannabis	89.3% (n = 3557)	10.7% (n = 426)	3.6% (n = 142)	3.6% (n = 142)	3.6% (n = 142)
Other substances	96.9% (n = 3860)	3.1% (n = 124)	1.4% (n = 55)	0.9% (n = 36)	0.8% (n = 33)

Range of missing cases among drugs for pharmacological neuroenhancement = 1–2.