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. 2022 Jan 18;13(1):64. doi: 10.1038/s41419-022-04510-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — OC-derived EVs inhibit the activation of DC cells, induce the polarization of macrophages, inhibit the cytotoxicity of NK cells, and regulate the function of T cells. The miRNAs carried in EVs secreted by OC cells promote the conversion of macrophages into M2 phenotype [124], and the FasL carried on the surface induces the apoptosis of DCs [128]. EV cargo also inhibits the proliferation of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells through the presentation of DCs [145]. EV cargo directly stimulates T cells and NK cells as well as inhibits their functional activation [136, 144]. EVs help OC cells produce immune evasion through these mechanisms of action.