Table 2.
Distribution of microorganisms in patients and controls, detected by qRT-PCR in nasopharynx, odds ratio, AFE, and AF.
| Pathogen | Proportion in case, n (%) | Proportion in control, n (%) | OR (95% CI) | AFE, % | AF, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Influenza viruses | 73 (37.1) | 3 (1.5) | 35.9 (8.83–146.72) | 97.2 | 36.1 |
| Influenza B | 37 (18.8) | 2 (1) | 18.5 (4.45–76.75) | 94.6 | 17.8 |
| Influenza A | 35 (17.7) | 1 (0.5) | 35 (4.79–255.47) | 97.1 | 17.2 |
| Influenza A (H1N1) | 9 (4.6) | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
| Influenza C | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.06–15.98) | NA | NA |
| Parainfluenza viruses | 5 (2.5) | 5 (2.5) | 1 (0.29–3.45) | NA | NA |
| PIV 3 | 4 (2) | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
| PIV 1 | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.06–15.98) | NA | NA |
| PIV 4 | 0 | 2 (1) | NA | NA | NA |
| PIV 2 | 0 | 2 (1) | NA | NA | NA |
| Human coronaviruses | 8 (4.1) | 5 (2.5) | 1.75 (0.51–5.97) | 42.9 | 6.3 |
| HCoV 229E | 4 (2) | 1 (0.5) | 4 (0.44–35.78) | 75.0 | 1.5 |
| HCoV OC43 | 4 (2) | 1 (0.5) | 4 (0.44–35.78) | 75.0 | 1.5 |
| HCoV NL63 | 0 | 3 (1.5) | NA | NA | NA |
| HCoV HKU1 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
| HRV | 24 (12.2) | 55 (31.5) | 0.4 (0.24–0.67) | NA | NA |
| HMPV A&B | 18 (9.1) | 4 (2) | 5.6 (1.66–19.33) | 82.1 | 7.5 |
| RSV A&B | 16 (8.1) | 4 (2) | 5 (1.44–17.27) | 80.0 | 6.5 |
| ADV | 12 (6,1) | 24 (12.2) | 0.45 (0.21–0.96) | NA | NA |
| EV | 5 (2.5) | 8 (4.1) | 0.57 (0.17–1.95) | NA | NA |
| BocaV | 5 (2.5) | 8 (4.1) | 0.5 (0.12–1.99) | NA | NA |
| HPeV | 2 (1) | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
| M. catarrhalis | 86 (43.6) | 123 (62.4) | 0.4 (0.22–0.60) | NA | NA |
| S. pneumoniae | 81 (41.1) | 120 (61) | 0.4 (0.27–0.65) | NA | NA |
| H. influenzae | 66 (33.5) | 94 (47.7) | 0.51 (0.33–0.79) | NA | NA |
| K. pneumoniae | 17 (8.6) | 34 (17.3) | 0.43 (0.23–0.83) | NA | NA |
| S. aureus | 14 (7.1) | 47 (23.9) | 0.19 (0.09–0.42) | NA | NA |
| Bordetella spp. | 11 (5.6) | 6 (3) | 2 (0.68–5.85) | 50 | 2.8 |
| M. pneumoniae | 1 (0.5) | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
| C. pneumoniae | 1 (0.5) | 4 (2) | 0.25 (0.03–2.24) | NA | NA |
| H. influenzae B | 0 | 3 (1.5) | NA | NA | NA |
| L. pneumophila | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
| Salmonella spp. | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
| P. jirovecii | 0 | 1 (0.5) | NA | NA | NA |
AFE, attributable fraction among the exposed = (1 − 1/OR) * 100; AF, attributable fraction = AFE * Proportion of a given organism in case/100; OR, odds ratio; CI, confident interval; NA, not applicable; HRV, human rhinovirus; HMPV, human metapneumovirus; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; ADV, adenovirus; EV, enterovirus; BocaV, human bocavirus; HPeV, human parechovirus.
Statistically significant OR are written in bold.