Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics of the Entire Cohort (n = 219).
| Male (n = 168) | Female (n = 51) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 42.4 ± 10.1 | 43.5 ± 9.9 | 0.490 |
| Anthropometric parameters | |||
| • Height (cm) | 166.7 ± 6.2 | 153.1 ± 5.9 | <0.001 |
| • Weight (kg) | 61.8 ± 14.4 | 54.4 ± 13.7 | <0.001 |
| • BMI (kg/m2) | 22.1 ± 4.5 | 23.2 ± 5.5 | 0.170 |
| Symptom duration (months) | 16 (6–36) | 18 (5–60) | 0.366 |
| Aetiology of cirrhosis | |||
| • Alcohol | 72 (42.9%) | 1 (2.0%) | <0.001 |
| • Hepatitis B | 42 (25.0%) | 7 (13.7%) | |
| • Hepatitis C | 7 (4.2%) | 11 (21.6%) | |
| • Autoimmune hepatitis | 5 (3.0%) | 12 (23.5%) | |
| • Overlap syndrome | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (3.9%) | |
| • Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis | 5 (3.0%) | 7 (13.7%) | |
| • Cryptogenic | 26 (15.5%) | 9 (17.6%) | |
| • >1 aetiology a | 11 (6.5%) | 2 (3.9%) | |
| Decompensation | |||
| • Ascites (%) | 91/168 (54.2%) | 21/51 (41.2%) | 0.104 |
| • Hepatic encephalopathy (%) | 28/168 (16.7%) | 5/51 (9.8%) | 0.230 |
| • Gastrointestinal bleed (%) | 59/168 (35.1%) | 15/51 (29.4%) | 0.450 |
| Laboratory parameters | |||
| • Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.3 ± 2.4 | 10.4 ± 2.1 | 0.037 |
| • Platelet (× 109/L) | 91 (60–125) | 93 (60–124) | 0.844 |
| • Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 1.7 (0.9–2.8) | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | <0.001 |
| • AST (U/L) | 51 (40–77) | 45 (35–72) | 0.288 |
| • ALT (U/L) | 34 (25–55) | 34 (23–58) | 0.889 |
| • ALP (U/L) | 286 (210–427) | 289 (195–438) | 0.815 |
| • Protein (g/dL) | 7.3 ± 0.7 | 7.4 ± 0.7 | 0.351 |
| • Albumin (g/dL) | 3.5 ± 0.7 | 3.7 ± 0.7 | 0.270 |
| • Calcium (mg/dL) | 8.6 ± 0.6 | 8.6 ± 0.7 | 0.808 |
| • Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | <0.001 |
| • INR | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 0.002 |
| CTP | 7 (6–9) | 6 (5–7) | <0.001 |
| Child A/B/C | 75/69/24 | 33/18/0 | 0.004 |
| MELD | 13 (10–16) | 10 (8–12) | <0.001 |
| 6-MWD (m) | 347.1 ± 57.8 | 313.4 ± 48.4 | <0.001 |
| HGS (kg) | 26.6 (20.9–31.2) | 18.0 (15–20.4) | <0.001 |
| SMA (cm2) | 119.1 ± 22.9 | 85.9 ± 16.3 | <0.001 |
| SMI (cm2/m2) | 42.9 ± 8.0 | 36.7 ± 6.6 | <0.001 |
| Probable sarcopenia (%) | 87/168 (51.8%) | 18/51 (35.3%) | 0.039 |
| Sarcopenia criteria | |||
| • WC (%) | 138/168 (82.1%) | 32/51 (62.7%) | 0.004 |
| • AC (%) | 32/168 (19.0%) | 10/51 (19.6%) | 0.929 |
| • HGS + WC (%) | 73/168 (43.5%) | 11/51 (21.6%) | 0.005 |
| • HGS + AC (%) | 24/168 (14.3%) | 3/51 (5.9%) | 0.110 |
All values are expressed as mean ± SD or median (IQR) or percentage, as appropriate. Bold values indicate P value <0.05.
6-MWD, 6-min walk distance; AC, Asian cut-off; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CTP, Child-Turcotte-Pugh score; HGS, handgrip strength; INR, international normalized ratio; MAC, mid-arm circumference; MAMC, mid-arm muscle circumference; MELD, model for end-stage liver disease; SMA, skeletal muscle area; SMI, skeletal muscle index; TSFT, triceps skin-fold thickness; WC, Western cut-off.
Indicates the presence of more than one aetiology of cirrhosis such as viral hepatitis with co-existent alcoholic liver disease or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.