Table 1:
Characteristics of Samples Included in Meta-Analysis
| Source | Country | Na | Recruitment Siteb | Time Post-Assaultc | PTSD Assessment | Quality Ratingd |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Armour et al. (2012), Hansen et al. (2017), Hyland et al. (2016) – Sample 1 | Denmark | 355 | Hospital | 3, 6, & 12 months | HTQ | 44 |
| Darves-Bornoz et al. (1998) | France | 67 | Hospital | 1, 3, 6, & 12 months | Structured interview | 78 |
| Foa & Riggs (1995) – Study 2, Gilboa-Schectman & Foa (2001) – Study 2 (sexual assault group) | US | 57 | Hospital | within 2 weeks; 4 & 12 weeks; 6 months | PSS-I | 43 |
| Frazier (1988) - Sample 1 (diagnostic assessment) | US | 184 | Hospital | 3 days; 3 & 6 weeks; 3 & 6 months; 1 year | Study-specific checklist | 25 |
| eFrazier (1988) - Sample 2 (clinical assessment) | US | 253 | Hospital | 3 & 7 days; 3 & 6 weeks; 3, 6, & 12 months | Study-specific checklist | 14 |
| Frazier (2000) - Study 3 | US | 69 | Hospital | 1 week; 1, 3, 6, 9, & 12 months | Study-specific checklist | 25 |
| Frazier et al. (2001) | US | 97 | Hospital | 2 weeks; 2 & 6 months, 1 year | Study-specific checklist | 44 |
| fGilmore et al. (2019a, 2019b), Walsh et al. (2017) (control condition) | US | 52 | Hospital | 1.5, 3, & 6 months | PDS | 67 |
| f Gutner et al. (2006) | US | 121 | Mixed | within 1 month, 3 months | CAPS | 75 |
| fKaysen et al. (2010, 2011) | US | 24 | Community | within 2-5 weeks; 3 & 6 months | CAPS | 75 |
| f Khadr et al. (2018) | England | 135 | Rape crisis center | within 6 weeks, 4-5 months | CRIES-13 | 67 |
| f Koss & Figueredo (2004) | US | 59 | Mixed | within 3 months, 6 & 12 months | PDS | 56 |
| f Machado et al. (2011) | Brazil | 67 | Hospital | within 1 month, 6 months | CAPS | 75 |
| Mathews et al. (2013) | South Africa | 31 | Rape crisis center | 4, 8-12, & 16-20 weeks | Child PTSD Checklist | 67 |
| fMiller et al. (2015) (control condition) | US | 71 | Hospital | within 72 hours, 1 week, 2 months | PSS-SR | 50 |
| Nickerson et al. (2013), Steenkamp et al. (2012) | US | 126 | Community | 1, 2, 3, & 4 months | PCL-C | 50 |
| f Quidé et al. (2018) | France | 27 | Mixed | within 1 month, 6 months | CAPS | 63 |
| f Resick (1988) | US | 68 | Police | 1, 3, 6, & 12 months | IES | 22 |
|
fResnick et al. (2007a, 2007b) (control condition) |
US | 91 | Hospital | within 3 months, 3-6 & 6+ months | PSS-SR | 67 |
|
Rothbaum et al. (1992)
|
US | 64 | Hospital | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, & 12 weeks |
Assault Reactions Weekly Interview | 38 |
| fRothbaum et al. (2012) (sexual assault group within control condition) | US | 13 | Hospital | 4 & 12 weeks | PSS-I | 56 |
| Ulirsch et al. (2013) | US | 75 | Hospital | 6 weeks, 3 months | PSS-I | 56 |
Note. PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; US = United States; CRIES-13 = Child Revised Impact of Events Scale; CAPS = Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale; HTQ = Harvard Trauma Questionnaire; IES = Impact of Events Scale; PDS = Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale; PSS-SR = Posttraumatic Symptom Scale-Self-Report version; PCL-C = PTSD Checklist-Civilian; PSS-I = PTSD Symptom Scale – Interview Version.
N reported for the PTSD assessment generating effect sizes with the most participants.
The site from which the majority (>67%) of participants were recruited, including hospitals (including forensic nursing programs), rape crisis centers (i.e., any non-hospital-based victim assistance agency), police, general community, or mixed (i.e., no majority site).
Timepoints listed reflect those from which effect sizes were drawn and are described in the terms used in published articles; precise time periods were estimated for analyses as described in the methods.
Range: 0-100; higher scores indicate higher methodological quality and lower risk of bias.
Frazier (1988) presents means data for both samples separately and proportions data for the combined samples.
Unpublished data sent from authors were used for some or all effect sizes.