Table 2.
Uni- and multivariable analysis of demographic, clinical, laboratory and radiologic parameters of TBM in patients with and without hyponatremia. Multivariable analysis.
| Mild hyponatremia vs. | Moderate hyponatremia vs. | Severe hyponatremia vs. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| normotraemia | normotraemia | normotraemia | ||||
| p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | |
| Univariable analysis | ||||||
| Definite TBM | 0.25 | 1.43 (0.77–2.65) | 0.14 | 1.60 (0.85–2.98) | 0.87 | 0.91 (0.28–2.91) |
| Male gender | 0.50 | 1.17 (0.74–1.86) | 0.10 | 1.49 (0.92–2.40) | 0.51 | 1.32 (0.59–2.95) |
| Median age | 0.49 | 0.33 | 0.92 | |||
| Vomiting | 0.57 | 1.16 (0.71–1.89) | 0.42 | 1.23 (0.74–2.04) | 0.53 | 1.32 (0.55–3.16) |
| Fever | 0.09 | 0.63 (0.37–1.07) | 0.13 | 0.66 (0.38–1.14) | 0.20 | 0.57 (0.23–1.37) |
| Convulsions | 0.81 | 1.06 (0.65–1.74) | 0.76 | 1.08 (0.65–1.80) | 0.45 | 1.39 (0.58–3.32) |
| Symptom duration >5 days | 0.13 | 0.60 (0.31–1.17) | 0.18 | 0.62 (0.31–1.24) | 0.44 | 0.65 (0.22–1.96) |
| Median symptom duration | 0.42 | 0.12 | 0.03 | |||
| Weight faltering/loss | 0.23 | 1.34 (0.83–2.17) | 0.91 | 1.03 (0.63–1.70) | 0.69 | 0.84 (0.36–1.99) |
| GCS <15 | 0.58 | 1.17 (0.67–2.05) | 0.57 | 1.18 (0.66–2.11) | 0.11 | 2.70 (0.76–9.58) |
| TBM Stage I | 0.69 | 0.79 (0.24–2.60) | 0.07 | 0.23 (0.05–1.14) | * | * |
| Stage IIa | 0.65 | 1.12 (0.69–1.83) | 0.77 | 1.10 (0.59–2.04) | 0.30 | 0.52 (0.15–1.77) |
| Stage IIb | 0.96 | 0.99 (0.64–1.53) | 0.32 | 0.77 (0.45–1.30) | 0.52 | 0.74 (0.29–1.87) |
| Stage III | 0.86 | 0.97 (0.66–1.42) | 0.17 | 1.40 (0.86–2.27) | 0.09 | 2.04 (0.90–4.64) |
| Stroke | 0.63 | 1.13 (0.69–1.87) | 0.80 | 1.07 (0.64–1.79) | 0.01 | 4.36 (1.24–15.35) |
| Cranial nerve palsy | 0.30 | 1.33 (0.78–2.28) | 0.12 | 1.54 (0.89–2.65) | 0.04 | 2.48 (1.04–5.91) |
| Raised ICP | 0.40 | 0.78 (0.44–1.39) | 0.73 | 0.90 (0.50–1.62) | 0.79 | 1.14 (0.44–2.97) |
| Brainstem dysfunction | 0.11 | 1.54 (0.90–2.62) | 0.02 | 1.91 (1.11–3.28) | <0.01 | 7.37 (2.92–18.61) |
| CSF leucocytes 10–500 cells/L | 0.71 | 1.17 (0.52–2.63) | 0.47 | 0.75 (0.35–1.64) | 0.48 | 0.65 (0.19-2.18) |
| CSF lymphocyte predominance | 0.51 | 0.81 (0.42–1.53) | 0.64 | 0.85 (0.44–1.66) | 0.66 | 0.78 (0.26–2.34) |
| CSF protein >1 g/L | 0.40 | 0.80 (0.47–1.35) | 0.07 | 1.73 (0.95–3.16) | 0.76 | 0.87 (0.34–2.18) |
| CSF glucose <2.2 mmol/L or <50% of blood level | 0.65 | 1.13 (0.68–1.87) | 0.29 | 1.33 (0.78–2.27) | 0.41 | 1.48 (0.58–3.82) |
| Basal meningeal enhancement | 0.14 | 0.62 (0.33–1.17) | 0.91 | 1.04 (0.51–2.12) | 0.59 | 0.74 (0.24–2.22) |
| Tuberculoma (s) | 0.40 | 0.75 (0.38–1.47) | 0.40 | 0.74 (0.36–1.50) | 0.52 | 0.65 (0.18–2.39) |
| Hydrocephalus | 0.01 | 3.18 (1.25–8.09) | 0.15 | 1.85 (0.80–4.29) | 0.44 | 1.82 (0.39–8.49) |
| Non-communicating hydrocephalus | 0.41 | 1.24 (0.74–2.08) | 0.13 | 1.30 (1.57–2.82) | 0.03 | 2.66 (1.09–6.44) |
| Death | 0.20 | 1.99 (0.69–5.79) | 0.12 | 2.30 (0.79–6.70) | 0.17 | 2.76 (0.61–12.50) |
| p –value | aOR (95% CI) | p -value | aOR (95% CI) | p -value | aOR (95% CI) | |
| Multivariable analysis | ||||||
| TBM stage III | 0.64 | 0.89 (0.55–1.44) | 0.64 | 1.13 (0.68–1.86) | 0.37 | 0.63 (0.22–1.74) |
| Cranial nerve palsy | 0.86 | 0.96 (0.62–1.50) | 0.41 | 1.21 (0.76–1.92) | 0.56 | 1.30 (0.55–3.05) |
| Brainstem dysfunction | 0.63 | 0.89 (0.56–1.43) | 0.39 | 1.24 (0.76–2.02) | <0.01 | 4.46 (1.62–12.30) |
| Stroke | 0.91 | 0.96 (0.65–1.63) | 0.48 | 0.84 (0.52–1.36) | 0.13 | 1.93 (0.82–4.54) |
| Non–communicating hydrocephalus | 0.86 | 1.04 (0.68–1.59) | 0.94 | 0.98 (0.63–1.53) | 0.17 | 2.49 (0.68–9.15) |
TBM, tuberculous meningitis; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; GCS, glasgow coma scale; ICP, intracranial pressure; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; aOR, adjusted odds ratio.
*
Zero stage I TBM with severe hyponatremia. The bold values reflect significant p value of ≤.