Table 3.
Adjusted means and comparisons of psychological distress and coping appraisals by coping classes at T1 and T2 and longitudinally.
| Outcome | Relaxed copers | Approach copers | Dual copers | Approach vs. Relaxed | Dual vs. Relaxed | Dual vs. Approach | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | 95% CI | M | 95% CI | M | 95% CI | d | 95% CI | d | 95% CI | d | 95% CI | |
| Stress | ||||||||||||
| T1–T1 | 10.96 | 9.24, 12.67 | 12.56 | 10.92, 14.21 | 20.76 | 17.37, 24.14 | 0.17 | −0.08, 0.43 | 1.05 | 0.64, 1.45 | 0.85 | 0.46, 1.25 |
| T2–T2 | 11.88 | 10.71, 13.06 | 12.65 | 11.10, 14.19 | 22.15 | 19.59, 24.72 | 0.10 | −0.16, 0.37 | 1.37 | 0.98, 1.76 | 1.27 | 0.85, 1.69 |
| T1–T2 | 13.27 | 11.70, 14.85 | 13.92 | 12.46, 15.37 | 12.53 | 9.30, 15.76 | 0.08 | −0.18, 0.33 | −0.08 | −0.47, 0.30 | −0.16 | −0.54, 0.22 |
| Anxiety | ||||||||||||
| T1–T1 | 4.81 | 3.60, 6.03 | 5.50 | 4.39, 6.60 | 14.93 | 12.44, 17.41 | 0.11 | −0.15, 0.36 | 1.50 | 1.08, 1.93 | 1.44 | 1.02, 1.85 |
| T2–T2 | 4.08 | 3.23, 4.93 | 4.35 | 3.23, 5.47 | 10.41 | 8.55, 12.26 | 0.05 | −0.21, 0.32 | 1.18 | 0.79, 1.56 | 1.12 | 0.70, 1.53 |
| T1–T2 | 4.84 | 3.71, 5.97 | 4.87 | 3.83, 5.90 | 6.07 | 3.73, 8.42 | 0.00 | −0.25, 0.26 | 0.20 | −0.19, 0.59 | 0.20 | −0.19, 0.58 |
| Depression | ||||||||||||
| T1–T1 | 10.12 | 8.38, 11.87 | 8.75 | 7.11, 10.39 | 18.88 | 15.42, 22.35 | −0.15 | −0.40, 0.11 | 0.91 | 0.51, 1.32 | 1.05 | 0.65, 1.45 |
| T2–T2 | 9.19 | 8.01, 10.36 | 10.65 | 9.08, 12.21 | 18.96 | 16.36, 21.56 | 0.20 | −0.07, 0.46 | 1.31 | 0.92, 1.70 | 1.10 | 0.68, 1.51 |
| T1–T2 | 10.76 | 9.19, 12.33 | 11.23 | 9.75, 12.70 | 10.45 | 7.28, 13.63 | 0.06 | −0.20, 0.31 | −0.04 | −0.42, 0.35 | −0.09 | −0.47, 0.29 |
| Anger | ||||||||||||
| T1–T1 | 27.49 | 25.79, 29.20 | 29.08 | 27.52, 30.64 | 38.01 | 34.68, 41.35 | −0.08 | −0.08, 0.43 | 1.13 | 0.72, 1.54 | 0.97 | 0.58, 1.37 |
| T2–T2 | 21.13 | 20.11, 22.15 | 21.59 | 20.23, 22.95 | 33.19 | 30.96, 35.42 | −0.19 | −0.19, 0.34 | 1.87 | 1.45, 2.27 | 1.77 | 1.32, 2.22 |
| T1–T2 | 22.94 | 21.48, 24.40 | 22.28 | 20.95, 23.61 | 24.97 | 21.97, 27.96 | −0.34 | −0.34, 0.17 | 0.25 | −0.14, 0.64 | 0.34 | −0.04, 0.72 |
| Appraisals of pandemic stressors | ||||||||||||
| Threat | 2.39 | 2.25, 2.52 | 2.70 | 2.52, 2.88 | 2.99 | 2.71, 3.27 | 0.37 | 0.11, 0.64 | 0.73 | 0.36, 1.10 | 0.34 | −0.05, 0.73 |
| Harm | 2.59 | 2.44, 2.74 | 2.81 | 2.61, 3.00 | 3.38 | 3.08, 3.68 | 0.24 | −0.03, 0.50 | 0.85 | 0.47, 1.22 | 0.63 | 0.23, 1.03 |
| Challenge | 3.05 | 2.92, 3.17 | 3.36 | 3.19, 3.53 | 2.56 | 2.29, 2.82 | 0.40 | 0.13, 0.70 | −0.65 | −1.01, −0.28 | −1.00 | −1.40, −0.59 |
| Appraisals of coping options | ||||||||||||
| Alter | 2.47 | 2.30, 2.65 | 3.07 | 2.84, 3.30 | 2.28 | 1.92, 2.63 | 0.54 | 0.30, 0.81 | −0.17 | −0.53, 0.19 | −0.73 | −1.13, −0.33 |
| Accept | 4.11 | 3.98, 4.24 | 4.42 | 4.24, 4.59 | 4.03 | 3.76, 4.30 | 0.38 | 0.12, 0.65 | −0.10 | −0.46, 0.27 | −0.48 | −0.87, −0.09 |
| Info | 2.87 | 2.71, 3.02 | 2.98 | 2.77, 3.18 | 3.53 | 3.21, 3.85 | 0.12 | −0.15, 0.38 | 0.70 | 0.33, 1.07 | 0.58 | 0.18, 0.97 |
| Refrain | 3.03 | 2.86, 3.20 | 3.33 | 3.10, 3.55 | 3.69 | 3.35, 4.04 | 0.28 | 0.02, 0.55 | 0.62 | 0.25, 0.99 | 0.34 | −0.05, 0.73 |
T1-T1, coping and distress before the pandemic; T2-T2, coping and distress during the pandemic; T1-T2, T2 distress regressed on T1 coping profile. Psychological distress models adjusted for potential confounders. Appraisals regressed on T2 coping profiles. Bold values are significant at p < 0.05.