Table 3.
Quality appraisal of the 22 selected studies using the 11 criteria adapted from Rozenblat et al. (2017).
| References | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 | C7 | C9 | C10 | C11 | C12 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baldofski et al. (2015) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Cleator et al. (2013) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 |
| Cleator et al. (2014) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Dalle Grave et al. (2013) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Dorflinger et al. (2017) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 |
| Ferreira Pinto et al. (2017) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 0 |
| Ivezaj et al. (2021) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 |
| Kara et al. (2020) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 0 |
| Latzer et al. (2020a) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Latzer et al. (2020b) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Loddo et al. (2019) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 1 | X | N/A | 0 |
| McCune and Lundgren (2015) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 0 |
| Nasirzadeh et al. (2018) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 |
| Roer et al. (2014) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Royal et al. (2015) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Tu et al. (2019) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Uncu et al. (2020) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | X | 0 |
| Vander Wal et al. (2015) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | X |
| Vinai et al. (2015a) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 1 | X | 0 | 1 |
| Vinai et al. (2015b) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Zengin-Eroglu et al. (2018) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 1 | X | N/A | 1 |
| Zickgraf et al. (2019) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 1 |
1 = Criteria met; 0 = Criteria not met; X = Unable to Determine; N/A = Criteria not Applicable.
Criteria Description: 1) Clear description of the hypothesis/aim/objectives; 2) Clear description of main outcomes in introduction/method; 3) Participant characteristics clearly described (as appropriate for ED research); 4) Clear description of main findings; 5) Characteristics of participants lost to follow-up described; 6) Exact probability values reported (or confidence intervals included); 7) Participants representative of population (including clinical, but not convenience samples); 9) Appropriate statistical tests used; 10) Main outcome measures valid and reliable; 11) Participants in different groups (if case–control study) recruited contemporaneously; and 12) Adequate adjustment for (potential) confounding variables (e.g., BMI).