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. 2022 Jan 5;12:790415. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.790415

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Copyright © 2022 Vanderheijden, Stevaert, Xie, Ren, Barbezange, Noppen, Desombere, Verhasselt, Geldhof, Vereecke, Stroobants, Oh, Vanhee, Naesens and Nauwynck

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Antibody titers in pre-pandemic human plasma samples (N = 496; period 2016-2017). The IPMA titers for antibodies against HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV-2 S and SARS-CoV-2 N of a panel of 496 pre-pandemic plasma samples are given in pie charts (left). For each slice, the absolute number of samples is added, except for two samples (having a titer <40 for OC43-IPMA or 2560 for S-IPMA). Twenty-four of these samples were selected and analysed for their SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing titer, as shown in the heatmap (right).