Table 3.
Association between sociodemographic, clinical characteristics and comorbid conditions and heart failure among nursing home residents living with diabetes
| Characteristics | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | Full Model Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years): | Reference | Reference |
| 65–74 | ||
| 75–84 | 1.12 (1.10 – 1.13) | 1.18 (1.16 – 1.19) |
| ≥85+ | 1.20 (1.18 – 1.22) | 1.30 (1.21 – 1.40) |
| Gender | Reference | Reference |
| Men | ||
| Women | 1.09 (1.08 – 1.11) | 1.03 (1.01 – 1.05) |
| Race/Ethnicity: | Reference | Reference |
| Non-Hispanic White | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.86 (0.84 – 0.87) | 0.96 (0.94 – 0.98) |
| Hispanic | 0.71 (0.69 – 0.74) | 0.85 (0.82 – 0.87) |
| American Indian / Native Alaskan / Native Hawaiian / Other Pacific Islander | 0.64 (0.61 – 0.67) | 0.81 (0.77 – 0.85) |
| Activities of daily living limitations: | ||
| Independent | 0.96 (0.95 – 0.99) | 0.96 (0.94 – 0.98) |
| Mild Dependence | Reference | Reference |
| Modified dependence | 1.02 (1.00 – 1.03) | 1.00 (0.96 – 1.06) |
| Dependent | 0.77 (0.75 – 0.79) | 1.01 (0.98 – 1.05) |
| Cognitive Impairment: | Reference | Reference |
| Intact | ||
| Mildly Impaired | 0.87 (0.85 – 0.88) | 0.98 (0.94 – 1.02) |
| Moderately Impaired | 0.69 (0.68 – 0.70) | 0.86 (0.83 – 0.89) |
| Severely Impaired | 0.52 (0.50 – 0.54) | 0.72 (0.69 – 0.74) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2): | ||
| <18.5 | 0.91 (0.87 – 0.96) | 0.92 (0.88 – 0.97) |
| 18.5 to 25.0 | Reference | Reference |
| 25 to <30 | 1.19 (1.16 – 1.21) | 1.14 (1.12 – 1.16) |
| ≥30 | 1.66 (1.64 – 1.69) | 1.40 (1.37 – 1.44) |
| Co-Morbid Conditions: | ||
| Alzheimer’s Disease | 0.78 (0.76 – 0.79) | 0.90 (0.88 – 0.92) |
| Dementia | 0.83 (0.82 – 0.84) | 0.95 (0.92 – 0.99) |
| Coronary Artery Disease | 1.64 (1.62 – 1.66) | 1.34 (1.31 – 1.37) |
| Cerebrovascular Disease | 0.93 (0.91 – 0.94) | 0.99 (0.96 – 1.03) |
| Renal Insufficiency/End Stage Renal Disease | 1.66 (1.64 – 1.69) | 1.30 (1.26 – 1.35) |
| Hypertension | 1.37 (1.33 – 1.40) | 1.19 (1.16 – 1.22) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1.15 (1.14 – 1.17) | 1.01 (0.98 – 1.03) |
| Peripheral Vascular Disease | 1.38 (1.35 – 1.40) | 1.07 (0.99 – 1.16) |
| Anemia | 1.36 (1.35 – 1.38) | 1.15 (1.13 – 1.18) |
| Pneumonia | 1.57 (1.52 – 1.64) | 1.52 (1.46 – 1.57) |
| Depression | 1.12 (1.11 – 1.14) | 1.00 (0.95 – 1.05) |
| Cancer | 1.06 (1.03 – 1.09) | 0.98 (0.94 – 1.03) |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease/Asthma | 1.92 (1.89 – 1.94) | 1.60 (1.57 – 1.63) |
| Cirrhosis | 1.20 (1.12 – 1.29) | 1.26 (1.18 – 1.35) |
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease /Ulcer | 1.27 (1.26 – 1.29) | 1.04 (1.01 – 1.06) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index: | Reference | Reference |
| 1 – 4 | ||
| 5 | 1.36 (1.33 – 1.38) | 1.34 (1.31 – 1.36) |
| 6 – 7 | 1.74 (1.71 – 1.76) | 1.67 (1.64 – 1.70) |
| ≥ 8 | 1.99 (1.95 – 2.03) | 1.86 (1.83 – 1.90) |
Odds ratio estimates and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were derived from models accounting for clustering of residents within nursing homes via generalized estimating equations. Estimates for cirrhosis and pneumonia were adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, activities of daily living, cognitive impairment, body mass index, Alzheimer’s disease, and dementia. Estimates for Charlson Comorbidity Index adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, activities of daily living, cognitive impairment, and body mass index. All other estimates are adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, activities of daily living, cognitive impairment, body mass index, and comorbidities excluding cirrhosis, pneumonia, and Charlson Comorbidity Index.