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. 2022 Jan 5;8:767025. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.767025

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Forest plot demonstrating relative risk for intima-media thickness (cIMT ≥ 90th percentile), parameters of carotid stiffness (cS ≥ 90th percentile) and elevated cardiovascular risk (CV-R ≥ 1 standard deviation) stratified by longitudinal changes of exercise between KiGGS-Wave-1 and KiGGS-Wave-2. Relative risk for elevated CV-R is significantly lower with regularly higher volumes of exercise, as is the relative risk for elevated cS parameters in tendency. No between-group differences were observed for relative risk of elevated cIMT. Results from log binomial regression models. If the 95% confidence interval does not include the null value (RR = 1), the finding is statistically significant. Changes of exercise from KiGGS-Wave-1 to KiGGS-Wave-2: “low-low” (always <2 h), “low-high” (<2 h at KiGGS-Wave-1 and ≥2 h at KiGGS-Wave-2), “high-low” (≥2 h at KiGGS-Wave-1 and <2 h at KiGGS-Wave-2), “high-high” (always ≥2 h); Reference level of exposure: “low-low”; weighted analyses; DC, distensibility coefficient; β-SI, ß stiffness index; YEM, Young's elastic modulus; EP, Peterson's elastic modulus; CV-R, Index of cardiovascular risk (sum of z-scores of mean arterial pressure, triglycerides, total/HDL-cholesterol-ratio, body mass index and HbA1c); RR [95%-CI], Relative risk [95%–confidence interval].