Table 1.
Characteristics of the study sample.
| Weekly exercise time at KiGGS-wave-2 | All | None | <2 h | 2–4 h | ≥4 h |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KiGGS-Wave-1 ( N ) | 2,893 | 698 | 620 | 573 | 1,002 |
| Age [years] | 17.18 ± 3.75 | 17.74 ± 3.58 | 17.29 ± 3.66 | 17.13 ± 0.55 | 16.69*** ± 0.35 |
| Females (%) | 49.64 | 57.91 | 60.41 | 55.14 | 34.89*** |
| KiGGS-Wave-2 ( N ) | 2,893 | 698 | 620 | 573 | 1,002 |
| Age [years] | 22.02 ± 3.75 | 22.54 ± 3.56 | 22.13 ± 3.69 | 21.95 ± 3.84 | 21.55*** ± 3.84 |
| cIMT [mm] | 0.55 ± 0.05 | 0.54 ± 0.05 | 0.54 ± 0.05 | 0.54 ± 0.05 | 0.55 ± 0.05 |
| Wall-to-lumen-ratio | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.01 |
| β-SI [–] | 4.08 ± 0.86 | 4.07 ± 0.79 | 4.03 ± 0.88 | 4.06 ± 0.89 | 4.14 ± 0.89 |
| DC [10−3 kPa] | 45.03 ± 11.35 | 45.02 ± 10.48 | 45.78 ± 10.87 | 45.57 ± 12.17 | 44.22 ± 11.81 |
| EP [kPa] | 50.65 ± 12.03 | 50.55 ± 11.29 | 49.60 ± 11.55 | 50.25 ± 12.97 | 51.64 ± 12.29 |
| YEM [kPA] | 0.28 ± 0.08 | 0.28 ± 0.08 | 0.28 ± 0.08 | 0.28 ± 0.08 | 0.29 ± 0.09 |
| CV-R [–] | 0.40 ± 3.25 | 0.85 ± 3.93 | 0.36 ± 2.67 | 0.17 ± 3.10 | 0.19 ± 2.90 |
| Body mass index [kg/m2] | 24.02 ± 4.59 | 24.33 ± 4.89 | 23.97 ± 4.44 | 24.04 ± 5.01 | 23.78 ± 4.07 |
| MAP [mmHg] | 92.07 ± 8.63 | 92.17 ± 8.83 | 91.66 ± 8.67 | 91.57 ± 8.87 | 92.55 ± 8.19 |
| HbA1c [mmol/mol] | 32.66 ± 4.89 | 32.97 ± 6.85 | 32.50 ± 2.75 | 32.30 ± 3.17 | 32.72 ± 4.52 |
| Triglycerides [mg/dL] | 1.30 ± 0.95 | 1.40 ± 1.19 | 1.32 ± 0.74 | 1.30 ± 0.87 | 1.21* ± 0.85 |
| Total-/HDL-chol. ratio [–] | 3.35 ± 0.88 | 3.49 ± 0.98 | 3.38 ± 0.84 | 3.29* ± 0.82 | 3.25*** ± 0.81 |
| LDL-cholesterol | 2.60 ± 0.77 | 2.72 ± 0.80 | 2.66 ± 0.74 | 2.56* ± 0.76 | 2.49** ± 0.73 |
| Resting heart rate [bpm] | 75.10 ± 11.65 | 78.32 ± 10.75 | 76.81 ± 11.20 | 73.98*** ± 12.06 | 72.01*** ± 11.53 |
| hsCrP [mg/dL] | 2.35 ± 4.20 | 2.44 ± 4.22 | 2.64 ± 4.39 | 2.63 ± 5.22 | 1.93 ± 3.22 |
| Overweight or Obesity& (%) | 14.36 | 17.82 | 13.12 | 14.90 | 12.03* |
| Current smoking (%) | 30.94 | 40.40 | 24.58*** | 28.05** | 28.98** |
| Hazardous drinking# (%) | 28.01 | 21.94 | 26.87 | 29.20 | 33.08*** |
Data presented as weighted mean ± standard deviation (SD), unless specified otherwise. Significance codes:
*
p < 0.05,
**
p < 0.01,
***
p < 0.001.
&
Based on KiGGS (40).
#
Hazardous drinking (32): AUDIT-C >5 (male)/4 (female).
cIMT, carotid intima-media thickness; β-SI, ß stiffness index; DC, distensibility coefficient; EP, Peterson's elastic modulus; YEM, Young's elastic modulus; CV-R, Index of cardiovascular risk (sum of z-scores of mean arterial pressure, triglycerides, total/HDL-cholesterol-ratio, body mass index and HbA1c). MAP, mean arterial pressure; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; hsCrP, high-sensitive C-reactive protein; bpm, beats per minute.