Table 7.
Effect of knowledge, attitudes, IPC, social support, and social norms on behavior.
| Have not undergone FGM [OR (95% CI)] (n = 554) | Family member has not undergone FGM [OR (95% CI)] (n = 481) | |
|---|---|---|
| Knowledge | ||
| Lower | -ref- | -ref- |
| Higher | 1.3 (0.6–2.6) | 0.3 (0.1–0.5)*** |
| Attitudes about power and gender | ||
| Not as progressive | -ref- | -ref- |
| Most progressive | 0.9 (0.5–1.7) | 1.2 (0.6–2.1) |
| Attitudes about FGM and relationship to identity | ||
| Not as progressive | -ref- | -ref- |
| Most progressive | 1.9 (1.1–3.3)* | 1.1 (0.6–2.1) |
| Attitude about FGM and religion | ||
| Agree or have neutral attitude on “it is a religious duty to perform FGM” | -ref- | -ref- |
| Disagree that there is a religious duty to perform FGM | 1.4 (0.4–5.2) | 1.3 (0.5–3.4) |
| Engaged in a conversation about FGM | ||
| No | -ref- | -ref- |
| Yes | 1.4 (0.7–2.5) | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) |
| Social support (sought advice or instrumental support surrounding FGM) | ||
| No | -ref- | -ref- |
| Yes | 0.6 (0.3–1.5) | 0.7 (0.3–1.6) |
| Descriptive norms | ||
| Family decision to abandon FGM | ||
| No | -ref- | -ref- |
| Yes | 0.1 (0.002–3.4) | 0.3 (0.01–5.5) |
| Other people in the community decide to abandon FGM | ||
| No | -ref- | -ref- |
| Yes | 0.4 (0.01–11.0) | 3.7 (0.1–96.3) |
| Society in general decides to abandon FGM | ||
| No | -ref- | -ref- |
| Yes | 4.4 (0.1–157.3) | 0.1 (0.01–1.3)∧ |
| Injunctive norms | ||
| Family expects you to abandon FGM | ||
| No | -ref- | -ref- |
| Yes | 3.2 (0.2–52.4) | 43.6 (2.7–687.8)** |
| Other people in the community expect you to abandon FGM | ||
| No | -ref- | -ref- |
| Yes | 20.6 (0.4–1,021.2) | 0.2 (0.01–7.5) |
| Society in general expect you to abandon FGM | ||
| No | -ref- | -ref- |
| Yes | 0.2 (0.01–4.8) | 3.5 (0.3–37.1) |
| Punishments identified with abandoning FGM | ||
| Yes | -ref- | -ref- |
| No | 1.0 (0.5–1.9) | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) |
| Rewards identified with abandoning FGM | ||
| No | -ref- | -ref- |
| Yes | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | 1.5 (0.9–2.6) |
| Region | ||
| Addis Ababa | -ref- | -ref- |
| Afar | 0.09 (0.02–0.5)** | 0.3 (0.03–2.0) |
| Southern Nations, Nationalities and People's Regions | 0.1 (0.05–0.3)*** | 0.3 (0.1–0.6)** |
| Respondent | ||
| Adolescent girl | -ref- | |
| Female caregiver | 0.6 (0.2–2.0) | -ref- |
| Female influential | 1.5 (0.5–4.9) | 2.9 (1.01–5.2)* |
| Female social network | 1.1 (0.4–2.7) | 1.4 (0.7–2.6) |
| Age | ||
| 10–19 years | -ref- | -ref- |
| 20–35 years | 0.4 (0.2–1.2) | 0.8 (0.3–2.4) |
| 36 and over | 0.2 (0.1–0.7)* | 0.7 (0.2–2.4) |
| Marital status | ||
| Married or engaged | -ref- | -ref- |
| Widowed, divorced or separated | 1.0 (0.4–2.4) | 0.5 (0.2–1.1)∧ |
| Single, never married | 2.8 (1.1–7.0)* | 0.6 (0.2–1.7) |
| Religion | ||
| Christian (Orthodox, Protestant, Catholic) | -ref- | -ref- |
| Muslim | 0.3 (0.1–1.02)∧ | 3.1 (0.4–22.3) |
| Educational status | ||
| No formal education | -ref- | -ref- |
| Primary education | 1.6 (0.7–3.7) | 1.3 (0.7–2.7) |
| Secondary education and higher | 2.1 (0.9–4.9)∧ | 1.1 (0.5–2.6) |
| Socio-economic status | ||
| Tertile 1 (most poor) | -ref- | -ref- |
| Tertile 2 (poor) | 1.4 (0.6–3.1) | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) |
| Tertile 3 (least poor) | 1.4 (0.5–3.6) | 1.0 (0.4–2.6) |
∧
p ≤ 0.1,
*
p ≤ 0.05,
**
p ≤ 0.01,
***
p ≤ 0.001.
■: Adolescent girls not asked this question.