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. 2022 Jan 5;12:767386. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.767386

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Copyright © 2022 Posada-Quintero, Landon, Stavitzski, Dean and Chon.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Subdermal needle electrodes after removal from animal, postmortem. The length of the tip distal to the 90^° bend ranged from 1 to 3 mm. (B) Subdermal needles implanted in the back of a euthanatized animal prior to removal.