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. 2022 Jan 19;9(1):211508. doi: 10.1098/rsos.211508

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© 2022 The Authors.

Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 6. — Red UCNP luminescence is enhanced due to the change in crystal lattice parameter induced by Mn²⁺ co-doping. Main figure: upconversion luminescence from UCNPs, 6.0 mg ml⁻¹ in EtOH, λ_ex = 980 nm, normalized to intensity at 540 nm. Green emission arises from the ²H_11/2 → ⁴I_15/2 and ⁴S_3/2 → ⁴I_15/2 transitions. Red emission arises from the ⁴F_9/2 → ⁴I_15/2 transition. Inset: crystal lattice parameter, a, is strongly inversely correlated with UCNP red/green emission ratio (correlation coefficient = −0.97). Values calculated from eight XRD peaks; error bars = standard deviation.