Table 1.

Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Participants from NHANES, 2013 to 2014

Characteristics	CKD			Controls (without CKD)
	Normal olfactory function (n = 292)	With olfactory dysfunction (n = 181)	P-value	Normal olfactory function (n = 2471)	With olfactory dysfunction (n = 583)	P-value
Gustatory dysfunction, %	8.4	16.0	0.07	17.9	20.0	0.37
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), ml/min/1.73 m2	48.1 (0.9)	43.9 (1.4)	0.03	88.8 (0.4)	87.0 (1.0)	0.09
Age, y	67.6 (0.9)	73.7 (1.0)	0.002	55.5 (0.2)	60.9 (0.9)	< 0.001
Male, %	43.0	45.2	0.60	47.0	54.2	0.07
Race, %			0.01			0.003
- Non-Hispanic white	83.7	75.7		72.5	62.2
- Non-Hispanic black	7.5	12.3		9.4	11.9
- Hispanic	4.7	8.5		11.3	15.1
- Other	4.2	3.5		6.8	10.9
Education attainment, %			< 0.001			< 0.001
- Less than high school	12.3	31.5		13.1	25.3
- High school	22.2	21.8		21.8	20.4
- Above high school	65.5	45.7		65.2	54.2
Marital status, %			0.006			0.67
- Married or cohabiting	39.9	54.9		68.9	67.1
- Not married or cohabiting	60.1	45.1		31.1	32.9
Family income to poverty ratio, %			0.002			0.001
- < 1.3	21.8	28.3		19.1	28.1
- 1.3–3.5	35.0	53.4		32.7	42.0
- > 3.5	43.3	18.4		48.2	29.9
Tobacco use, %			0.30			0.07
- Never	50.5	51.1		55.3	52.3
- Past	40.0	34.2		26.1	32.6
- Current	9.5	14.0		18.6	15.0
Alcohol drinking			0.05			0.002
- Non-drinker	36.0	52.5		22.7	37.9
- 1–3 drinks	45.6	35.7		47.3	36.7
- > 4 drinks	18.4	11.8		29.9	25.5
Obesity, %	43.1	35.9	0.28	39.4	34.0	0.06
Underlying disease
Chronic hypertension, %	82.1	84.0	0.73	53.2	60.9	0.007
Cardiovascular disease, %	25.5	38.2	0.009	7.1	10.1	0.04
Diabetes, %	32.3	32.8	0.93	12.4	15.4	0.09
Depression, %	30.4	32.7	0.76	23.3	20.7	0.30
Cancer, %	26.1	27.0	0.86	13.2	18.9	0.02