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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Mar 26.
Published in final edited form as: Science. 2021 Mar 26;371(6536):eabc4552. doi: 10.1126/science.abc4552

Fig. 6. Study design for characterizing cancer-associated microbiota and their functional impacts.

Fig. 6.

Opportunities exist to perform large-scale identification of the presence and function of cancer-associated microbiota, beginning with longitudinal cohorts and multi-region sampling. Existing tools can be used to gather multi-omic information on host immune cells, cancer cells, microbiota, and metabolites (51, 177, 178). In vitro and in vivo disease models of a patient’s tumor and intestine can then be used to verify or rebut the predicted functional impact and mechanism(s) of a given microbe (or its metabolites) and its causality in carcinogenesis (160, 170).