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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jan 19.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Int. 2020 Aug 24;144:106038. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106038

Table 4.

Association between prenatal and childhood exposures, and allergy-related outcomes (N=1270). The exposure variables with uncorrected ExWAS* p-value<0.05 or those selected in ≥6% DSA runs are shown. IQR: for untransformed and unimputed data. Tables S4 and S6 in Supplementary material show ExWAS* results for all exposures and outcomes.

Exposure variablea Exposure group ExWAS DSA multi-exposure model
IQR OR[95% CI]a p value Frequency of selection (%) OR[95% CI]a p value
Rhinitis
Prenatal b
PMabs μg/m3) Air pollution 1.01 0.6 [0.4;0.9] 0.02 34 0.5 [0.3;0.9] 0.01
Inverse distance to nearest road (m−1) Traffic 0.09 1.2 [1.0;1.5] 0.02 34 1.3 [1.1;1.6] 0.01
oxo-MiNP (μg/g) Phthalates 1.01 1.2 [1.0;1.4] 0.04 32 1.2 [1.0;1.4] 0.05
Childhood c
Population density at home address (inhabitants/km2) Built environment 6180 1.3 [1.0;1.6] 0.02 ns
Cat at home Lifestyle 0.7 [0.5;1.0] 0.03 ns
Molybdenum (μg/L) Metals 1.34 0.9 [0.8;1.0] 0.03 ns
Cadmium (μg/L) Metals 0.06 1.2 [1.0;1.4] 0.03 ns
PFOS (μg/L) PFASs 1.97 0.8 [0.6;1.0] 0.01 ns
BUPA (μg/L) Phenols 0.11 1.2 [1.1;1.3] 0.007 ns
Itchy rash
Prenatal b
Traffic density on nearest road (vehicles/day) Traffic 3500 1.3 [1.0;1.5] 0.03 14 1.3 [1.0;1.6] 0.02
Exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy (No exposure) Tobacco smoke 16
Only passive exposure 0.5 [0.3; 0.9] 0.01 0.5 [0.3; 0.9] 0.01
Smoker 0.9 [0.5; 1.5] 0.62 0.9 [0.5; 1.4] 0.56
MEP (μg/g) Phthalates 375 0.8 [0.6; 1.0] 0.04 14 0.8 [0.6; 1.0] 0.03
Childhood c
NO2 (indoors) (μg/cm3) Air pollution 11 1.5 [1.0;2.3] 0.04 ns
Total hours of sleep (hours) Lifestyle 0.9 0.8 [0.6;1.0] 0.02 ns
Sedentary behaviour (min/day) Lifestyle 129 1.2 [1.0;1.5] 0.048 ns
Arsenic (μg/L) Metals 2.05 1.4 [1.0;1.8] 0.03 ns
PFOA (μg/L) PFASs 0.78 0.8 [0.6;1.0] 0.03 ns
PFHxS (μg/L) PFASs 0.42 0.7 [0.5;1.0] 0.04 ns
BUPA (μg/g) Phenols 0.11 1.2 [1.0;1.4] 0.04 ns
Eczema
Prenatal b
None ns
Food allergy
Prenatal b
Traffic density on nearest road (vehicles/day) Traffic 3500 0.8 [0.6;1.0] 0.02 ns
Inverse distance to nearest road (m−1) Traffic 0.09 1.4 [1.0;1.8] 0.04 ns

ExWAS: Exposome-wide association study using logistic regression by each exposure independently.

DSA: Deletion/substitution/addition algorithm

ns: not selected in the DSA model

IQR: interquartile range

*

Significant after p-value correction based on the number of effective tests (i.e., p-value correction for multiple testing). Threshold for effective number of test=0.001 for prenatal exposures, and 0.0009 for childhood exposures.

a

reference category as indicated inside brackets for the categorical variables. For continuous variables, estimates are calculated per IQR increase in exposure, as indicated inside brackets; IQRs calculated on the first imputed dataset after back transforming the variables.

b

adjusted for cohort, child’s sex and ethnicity, trimester of conception, parity, maternal and paternal education, pre-pregnancy maternal body mass index (BMI) and maternal age

c

adjusted for cohort, child’s sex, ethnicity and age, parity, nursery attendance in the first two years of life, and maternal and paternal education