Table 1.
Characteristics of participants with and without diabetes by BMI at baseline
| Characteristics | No diabetes, BMI (kg/m2) | Diabetes, BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||
| <18.5 (n=16 947) |
18.5 to <25.0 (n=270 403) |
25.0 to <30.0 (n=119 736) |
≥30.0 (n=15 785) |
All (n=422 871) |
<18.5 (n=527) |
18.5 to <25.0 (n=11 613) |
25.0 to <30.0 (n=9719) |
≥30.0 (n=1983) |
All (n=23 842) |
|
| Mean BMI (SD), kg/m2 | 17.6 (0.9) | 22.1 (1.7) | 26.8 (1.4) | 31.7 (2.1) | 23.6 (3.1) | 17.5 (0.7) | 22.6 (1.6) | 27.0 (1.4) | 32.0 (2.1) | 25.0 (3.4) |
| Age and socioeconomic factors | ||||||||||
| Age, years (SD) | 53.0 (14.2) | 50.2 (10.3) | 50.8 (10.0) | 50.6 (11.9) | 50.6 (10.2) | 58.2 (14.8) | 57.4 (9.7) | 56.6 (9.4) | 55.2 (11.0) | 57.0 (9.4) |
| Women (%) | 61.7 | 58.7 | 60.9 | 71.2 | 59.8 | 59 | 60.5 | 61.7 | 70.2 | 61.9 |
| Urban (%) | 32.8 | 39.1 | 50.4 | 55.8 | 42.6 | 32.7 | 54.2 | 64.2 | 69.5 | 59 |
| ≥6 years of education (%) | 50.1 | 51 | 50.9 | 49 | 50.6 | 48.3 | 47.9 | 46.4 | 44.7 | 46.8 |
| Lifestyle factors | ||||||||||
| Ever-regular smoker (%) | ||||||||||
| Men | 79.4 | 75.3 | 70.7 | 71 | 74.2 | 79.6 | 72.2 | 69.6 | 72.6 | 71.4 |
| Women | 4.3 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 9.7 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 5.1 | 4.2 |
| Regular alcohol consumption (%) | ||||||||||
| Men | 32.1 | 37.3 | 37.2 | 35.9 | 37.2 | 38.6 | 37.9 | 37.1 | 39.8 | 37.6 |
| Women | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 3.5 | 2 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.9 |
| Physical activity (SD), MET-hours/day | 21.9 (15.8) | 22.5 (11.9) | 21.4 (12.4) | 20.1 (15.1) | 22.1 (11.9) | 15.7 (11.2) | 16.7 (10.4) | 16.1 (10.3) | 15.7 (11.6) | 16.4 (10.1) |
| Anthropometry, blood pressure and plasma glucose, mean (SD) | ||||||||||
| Weight (kg) | 44.5 (4.9) | 55.9 (5.8) | 67.8 (6.0) | 80.3 (9.0) | 59.7 (9.0) | 43.5 (3.8) | 56.7 (5.9) | 68.0 (5.8) | 80.9 (8.0) | 63.0 (9.7) |
| Standing height (cm) | 159 (7.7) | 159 (5.5) | 159 (5.7) | 159 (7.1) | 159 (5.4) | 157 (6.4) | 158 (5.7) | 159 (5.5) | 159 (5.9) | 158 (5.4) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 66 (6.4) | 76 (6.3) | 88 (6.2) | 99 (8.7) | 80 (8.9) | 67 (5.4) | 80 (6.4) | 90 (6.0) | 101 (7.5) | 86 (9.3) |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.80 (0.08) | 0.86 (0.06) | 0.92 (0.06) | 0.96 (0.07) | 0.88 (0.06) | 0.82 (0.07) | 0.90 (0.06) | 0.94 (0.06) | 0.97 (0.07) | 0.92 (0.07) |
| Percentage body fat | 16.8 (3.6) | 25.5 (4.4) | 33.6 (4.6) | 40.1 (7.0) | 28.0 (6.4) | 16.7 (3.1) | 26.7 (4.5) | 34.1 (4.5) | 40.8 (6.6) | 30.7 (6.7) |
| Fat body mass (kg) | 7.4 (2.0) | 14.2 (3.5) | 22.6 (4.1) | 32.0 (7.3) | 17.0 (6.1) | 7.2 (1.6) | 15.1 (3.6) | 23.0 (4.0) | 32.7 (6.7) | 19.6 (6.8) |
| Lean body mass (kg) | 37.2 (4.2) | 41.7 (3.8) | 45.2 (4.5) | 48.3 (7.2) | 42.7 (4.5) | 36.3 (3.2) | 41.6 (3.9) | 45.1 (4.4) | 48.2 (6.6) | 43.4 (4.8) |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 120 (25) | 127 (19) | 135 (20) | 142 (26) | 130 (19) | 126 (23) | 138 (22) | 144 (21) | 148 (24) | 141 (22) |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 80 (16) | 78 (11) | 79 (12) | 81 (16) | 79 (11) | 87 (15) | 83 (13) | 83 (13) | 84 (16) | 83 (12) |
| Random plasma glucose* (mmol/L) | 5.6 (1.5) | 5.6 (1.1) | 5.8 (1.2) | 6.0 (1.7) | 5.7 (1.1) | 13.8 (7.1) | 12.5 (6.0) | 12.1 (5.2) | 11.9 (6.2) | 12.3 (5.5) |
| Medical history (%) | ||||||||||
| Hypertension† | 2.8 | 6.6 | 13.6 | 21.8 | 8.9 | 8.8 | 18.9 | 29.9 | 38.2 | 24.5 |
| Chronic liver disease† | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 |
| Chronic kidney disease† | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 1.7 |
| Self-rated poor health | 14.4 | 7.8 | 7.4 | 10.2 | 8 | 29.9 | 18 | 15.7 | 17.5 | 17.1 |
Adjusted for age, sex and study area, as appropriate.
*In a subset of 439 628 participants.
†Self-reported doctor diagnosed.
BMI, body mass index; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; SBP, systolic blood pressure.