. 2021 Feb 16;21(9):10219–10230. doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2021.3059970

TABLE II. Recently Developed Electrochemical Biosensors for Recognizing Other Viral Infections.

Application	Target	RE	Linker	Surface	Sensor	LOD	Sample	Ref.
AIV detection	Viral DNA	DNA	APTES GA	SiO₂	Impedimetric (On-chip)		Buffer	[46]
Zika Virus detection	Viral oligonucleotide	ssDNA		Al/Ni/Au	EIS (On-chip)		Buffer	[47]
EBV detection	viral oligonucleotide	DNA	PATP EtBr	Graphite	Electrochemical		Buffer	[48]
IV H1N1 detection	Whole virus	Ab	silica NPs SWCNT Chitosan GA	SPCE	DPV	113 PFU mL⁻¹	Saliva	[49]
WSSV detection	Whole virus	Ab	CB@Ses-Qn HRP	GCE	CV		Real samples	[50]
FLUAV detection	HA	Anti- H5N1	PANI-coated EAM NPs AuNPs Glycan	SPCE	Electrochemical - SPR		Buffer	[51]
DENV detection	NS1	DGV BP1	MUA EDC/NHS	GE	SWV, EIS	/mL	Human plasma	[52]
MERS-CoV and HCoV detection	MERS-CoV protein	Ab	AuNPs	CE	SWV	.mL⁻¹	Spiked nasal samples	[53]
swine virus H1N1 detection	HA	Anti-HA	His6-H1 HA MBT DPM-Cu	Gold	SWV		Diluted vaccinated mice sera	[54]
IV detection	M1 protein	anti-M1	PABA EDC/NHS	Boron doped diamond electrode	Electrochemical	/ml	Saliva buffer	[55]
DENV-3 detection	DENV-3 sequences	DNA		PGE	DPV		Human serum	[56]
Dengue virus detection	Dengue toxin	Ab	CNT AuNP	GE	Electrochemical	g/mL	Human serum	[57]
Dengue virus detection	ss-31 mer DNA	59-aminated DNA probes	nanoporous alumina	platinum wire electrode	Electrochemical	M	genomic DNA derived from PCR	[58]
CHIGV detection	CHIGV DNA	Probe DNA	MoS₂ NSs MB	SPGEs	Electrochemical (voltammetric)		Serum sample	[59]
Dengue virus detection	Dengue virus gene 1	18-mer ssDNA		PGE	DPV		Buffer	[60]

RE: recognition element, AIV: avian influenza virus, APTES: (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane, GA: glutaraldehyde, ssDNA: single stranded DNA, Al: aluminum, EBV: Epstein-Barr virus, SWCNT: single-walled carbon nanotubes, DPV: differential pulse voltammetry, WSSV: white spot syndrome virus, HRP: horseradish peroxidase, CB: carbon nanoblack, Ses-Qn: sesamol-quinone, GCE: glassy carbon electrode, CV: cyclic voltammetry, FLUAV: Influenza A virus, PANI: polyaniline, HA: Hemagglutinin, EAM: electrically active magnetic, DENV: Dengue virus, NS1: nonstructural 1 protein, MUA: 11-mercaptoundecanoic Acid, EDC: N-ethyl- Inline graphic -dimethyl aminopropyl carbodiimide, NHS: N-hydroxysuccinimide, GE: gold electrode, SWV: square wave voltammetry, MERS-COV: Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus, HCoV: Human coronavirus NL63, AuNPs: gold nanoparticles, His6-H1 HA: His-tagged hemagglutinin, PABA: 4-aminobenzoic acid, MBT: 4-mercaptobutanol, DPM: thiol derivative of dipyrromethene, IV: influenza virus, DENV-3: dengue virus serotype 3, MB: magnetic bead, SPGE: screen printed gold electrodes, PGE: pencil graphite electrode, MoS₂ NSs: molybdenum disulphide nanosheets