TABLE V. Recently Developed Label-Based Optical Biosensors for Recognizing Other Viral Infections.

Application	Target	RE	Linker	Surface	Sensor	LOD	Sample	Ref.
Vaccinia virus detection	Whole virus	Ab	Cyanine 5 dye		Fluorescent	pfu/ml	seeded throat culture swab specimens	[78]
SARS-CoV detection	N protein	RNA aptamer	QDs ProLinker™	Glass chip	Fluorescent (On-chip)	mL−1	Buffer	[79]
AIV detection	H5N2 AIV	mAb	GPTMS SH-PEG Biotin Cy3-SA	ZnO nanorod	Fluorescent	EID50mL−1	Buffer	[80]
HCV detection	HCV RNA	Nucleic acid probe	Thiol Citrate AuNPs cysteamine CTAB		Colorimetric/spectrophotometric	4.57 IU/	Clinical sample	[81]

QDs: quantum dots, PEG: polyethyleneglycol, HCV: Hepatitis C virus