Fig. 7.

Case Study 1: Estimated causal effects of the IGF signaling pathway using algorithm 3. The ODE and SDE represent the true underlying dynamics of the IGF signaling pathway. The ODE and SDE-based forward simulation can only estimate the average treatment effect. These estimates are viewed as ground truth. In contrast, an SCM can estimate both the average treatment effect (ATE) and the individual treatment effect (ITE). (a) Comparison of ITE vs ATE for $Erk$ when $Mek$ is fixed. (b) Comparison of ITE vs ATE for $Erk$ when $Ras$ is fixed. (c) Comparison of SCM, SDE and ODE estimates of the ATE for $Erk$ when $Mek$ is fixed. (d) Comparison of SCM, SDE and ODE estimates of the ATE on $Erk$ when $Ras$ is fixed.