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. 2022 Jan 19;9:uhab053. doi: 10.1093/hr/uhab053

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Analyses of MdMDH expression levels and functions. a. Evolutionary analysis of MdMDHs. A phylogenetic tree of MDH genes in apple was constructed using MEGA (version 7). Bootstrap values are provided near branched lines. b, c. Subcellular localization of MDH15 and MDH12 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The MDH15-GFP and MDH12-GFP signals were detected using a laser confocal scanning microscope, with AOX-mCherry serving as a mitochondrial marker. The chloroplasts in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf cells were identified on the basis of their chlorophyll autofluorescence. d. MDH12-overexpressing apple calli and wild-type apple calli. e, f. Analyses of MDH12 expression and malic acid contents in MDH12-overexpressing apple calli and wild-type calli. CK, wild-type; T1 and 2, MDH12 transgenic lines 1 and 2. **, significant difference from the wild-type control (P < 0.01; t-test).