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. 2022 Feb 1;138:83–115. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.11.009

Table 4.

Overview of heteroatom levels found in plastic pyrolysis products based on literature data.

Composition in original material Product fraction Concentration Detection technique LOD Reference
N 49 ppm C5 – C26
Solid residue		 < 10 ppm
73 ppm		 ASTM D6366-99 0.05 ppm (Miskolczi, 2013)
n.a. C5 – C20 1700 ppm ASTM D-5291 n.a. (Anuar Sharuddin et al., 2017)
6.1 ppm C5 – C15
64 °C – 268 °C		 16.5 ppm
16.2 ppm		 ASTM D6366-99 0.05 ppm (Angyal et al., 2007)
4 % PA/PUR 35 °C – 204 °C
189 °C – 307 °C		 1459 ppm
1142 ppm		 ASTM D6366-99 0.05 ppm (Miskolczi et al., 2004)
775 ppm C5 – C32 100 ppm CHN-600 LECO n.a. (Miranda et al., 2001a)
n.a. 70 °C – 500 °C 1400 ppm CHN LECO n.a. (Lee, 2009)
n.a. C5 – C11 1.1 wt% GC × GC-NCD n.a. (Toraman et al., 2014)
n.a. 40 °C – 250 °C
110 °C – 500 °C
190 °C – 600 °C
Solid residue		 850 ppm
1200 ppm
1100 ppm
2000 ppm		 Elemental analysis n.a. (Okuwaki et al., 2006)
n.a. 55 °C – 180 °C
195 °C – 320 °C
250 °C – 500 °C
Solid residue		 440 ppm
1910 ppm
800 ppm
3700 ppm		 JIS K 2609 TCD n.a. (Okuwaki et al., 2006)
n.a. 40 °C – 240 °C
110 °C – >360 °C
Solid residue		 820 ppm
800 ppm
3600 ppm		 Elemental analysis n.a. (Okuwaki et al., 2006)
n.a. C6 – C23 2100 ppm Leco CHN600 n.a. (Baena-González et al., 2020)
10 % ABS C5 – C22 1214 ppm GC-AED n.a. (Brebu et al., 2005)
n.a. C5 – C18 180 ppm Chemiluminescence detection n.a. (Borsodi et al., 2011)
n.a. C5 – C11 30 ppm GC × GC-NCD n.a. (Dao Thi et al., 2021)
S 58 ppm C5 – C26
Solid residue		 36 ppm
52 ppm		 ASTM D6366-99 0.05 ppm (Miskolczi, 2013)
n.a. C5 – C20 100 ppm ASTM D-5291 n.a. (Anuar Sharuddin et al., 2017)
14.8 ppm C5 – C15
64 °C – 268 °C		 17 ppm
15 ppm		 ASTM D 6428 0.05 ppm (Angyal et al., 2007)
2 % PUR rubber 35 °C – 204 °C
189 °C – 307 °C		 52 ppm
5 ppm		 ASTM D 6428 0.05 ppm (Miskolczi et al., 2004)
0.25 wt% C5 – C32 200 ppm CHN-600 LECO n.a. (Miranda et al., 2001a)
n.a. C5 – C11
C12 – C16 		1016 ppm
684 ppm		 GC × GC-SCD n.a. (Toraman et al., 2014)
n.a. 40 °C – 250 °C
110 °C – 500 °C
190 °C – 600 °C
Solid residue		 12 ppm
43 ppm
60 ppm
430 ppm		 Elemental analysis n.a. (Okuwaki et al., 2006)
n.a. 55 °C – 180 °C
195 °C – 320 °C
250 °C – 500 °C
Solid residue		 <100 ppm
<100 ppm
400 ppm
800 ppm		 JIS K 2541 3 ppm (Okuwaki et al., 2006)
n.a. 40 °C – 240 °C
110 °C – >360 °C
Solid residue		 540 ppm
1510 ppm
<100 ppm		 Elemental analysis n.a. (Okuwaki et al., 2006)
n.a. C6 – C23 300 ppm LECO SC 132 n.a. (Baena-González et al., 2020)
n.a. 30 °C – 324 °C 71 ppm EDXRF n.a. (Miskolczi and Ateş, 2016)
135 ppm 118 °C – 376 °C 51 ppm EDXRF n.a. (Miskolczi et al., 2013)
n.a. C5 – C11
C7 – C22 		211 ppm
7 ppm		 GC × GC-SCD n.a. (Dao Thi et al., 2021)
n.a. C5 – C18 300 ppm Oxidative combustion microcoulometry n.a. (Borsodi et al., 2011)
O n.a. C5 – C44 1 wt% ASTM D 5622 n.a. (Toraman et al., 2014)
n.a. C5 – C20 3.83 wt% By difference n.a. (Anuar Sharuddin et al., 2017)
5.78 % PET (Niigata, Japan) 40 °C – 250 °C
110 °C – 500 °C
190 °C – 600 °C
Solid residue		 <0.1 wt%
0.2 wt%
<0.1 wt%
5 wt%		 n.a. n.a. (Okuwaki et al., 2006)
n.a. C6 – C23 2.30 wt% By difference n.a. (Baena-González et al., 2020)
5.1 wt% C4 – C20 0.04 wt% (oxygenated compounds) GC–MS n.a. (Cho et al., 2010)
n.a. C5 – C11
C7 – C22 		1400 ppm
100 ppm		 GC × GC-FID/MS n.a. (Dao Thi et al., 2021)
Terephthalic acid 5.78 % PET (Niigata, Japan) 40 °C – 250 °C
110 °C – 500 °C
190 °C – 600 °C
Solid residue		 <10 ppm
100 ppm
50 ppm
23000 ppm		 n.a. n.a. (Okuwaki et al., 2006)
12.2 % PET Sapporo, Japan) 195 °C – 320 °C
250 °C – 500 °C
Solid residue		 <10 ppm
300 ppm
490 ppm		 GC–MS
HPLC		 n.a. (Okuwaki et al., 2006)
Phthalic acid 5.78 % PET (Niigata, Japan) 40 °C – 250 °C
110 °C – 500 °C
190 °C – 600 °C
Solid residue		 <10 ppm
110 ppm
70 ppm
<10 ppm		 n.a. n.a. (Okuwaki et al., 2006)
Benzoic acid 5.78 % PET (Niigata, Japan) 40 °C – 250 °C 1100 ppm n.a. n.a. (Okuwaki et al., 2006)
12.2 % PET Sapporo, Japan) 195 °C – 320 °C
250 °C – 500 °C
Solid residue		 42 ppm
100 ppm
210 ppm		 GC–MS
HPLC		 n.a. (Okuwaki et al., 2006)
Cl 46 ppm C5 – C26
Solid residue		 < 10 ppm
45 ppm		 EDXRF Low ppm (Miskolczi, 2013)
0.6 wt% C5 – C14 15 ppm n.a. n.a. (Kaminsky and Kim, 1999)
1.1 wt% C6 – C20 2000 ppm EPA 5050 n.a. (López et al., 2011c)
7.9 % PVC C5 – C32 12 ppm ASTM D4208-8 n.a. (Miranda et al., 2001a)
3.1 % PVC
1.4 % PVDC (Sapporo, Japan)		 55 °C – 180 °C
195 °C – 320 °C
250 °C – 500 °C
Full range + ash
Solid residue		 90 ppm
47 ppm
71 ppm
3800 ppm
14000 ppm		 TS Z 0025 n.a. (Okuwaki et al., 2006)
5.23 % PVC (Niigata, Japan) 40 °C – 250 °C
110 °C – 500 °C
190 °C – 600 °C
Solid residue		 550 ppm
45 ppm
43 ppm
1 ppm		 TS Z 0025 n.a. (Okuwaki et al., 2006)
n.a. 40 °C – 240 °C
110 °C – >360 °C
Solid residue		 5 ppm
23 ppm
13800 ppm		 Elemental analysis n.a. (Okuwaki et al., 2006)
1.13 wt% C4 – C20
Without additive
With CaO
358 – 506 ppm
50–74 ppm		 Trace chlorine analyzer (TCL-100 n.a. (Cho et al., 2010)
n.a. C6 – C23 400 ppm ASTM2361 m n.a. (Baena-González et al., 2020)
n.a. C9 – C34
(30 °C – 324 °C)		 1285 ppm EDXRF n.a. (Miskolczi and Ateş, 2016)
0.63 wt% bp. < 210 °C
Dist. residue		 4 ppm
1.66 wt%		 AAS n.a. (Kaminsky et al., 1996)
10 % PVC C5 – C22 4972 ppm GC-AED n.a. (Brebu et al., 2005)
2689 ppm 118 °C – 376 °C 618 ppm EDXRF n.a. (Miskolczi et al., 2013)
n.a. C5 – C18 600 ppm Oxidative combustion microcoulometry n.a. (Borsodi et al., 2011)
Br <5 ppm C5 – C26 < 10 ppm EDXRF Low ppm (Miskolczi, 2013)
10 % brominated ABS C5 – C22 1924 ppm GC-AED n.a. (Brebu et al., 2005)
n.a. 30 °C – 324 °C 1533 ppm EDXRF n.a. (Miskolczi and Ateş, 2016)
2316 ppm 118 °C – 376 °C 253 ppm EDXRF n.a. (Miskolczi et al., 2013)
P n.a. 30 °C – 324 °C 498 ppm EDXRF n.a. (Miskolczi and Ateş, 2016)