Figure 7. FMD reverts late-stage TNBC progression by potentiating the effect of kinase inhibitors and reversing the lethality caused by hyperglycemia.

(A) Growth of SUM 159 xenografts in 8-week-old female NOD scid (NSG) mice treated with AL dietor FMD, alone or combined with pictilisib (100 mg/kg, 5 consecutive days a week by oral gavage), ipatasertib (75 mg/kg, 5 consecutive days a week by oral gavage), and rapamycin (2 mg/kg, every other day i.p.) (n = 10–13). Progression-free survival was monitored over time and causes of death are reported.

(B) Blood glucose level was determined through Accu chek guide instrument.

(C) Growth of SUM159 xenografts in 8-week-old female NOD scid (NSG) mice treated with AL diet or FMD, alone or combined with palbociclib (62.5 mg/kg, byoral gavage, every other day) and pictilisib (100 mg/kg, by oral gavage, 5 consecutive days a week) (n = 10). Tumor masses were used to perform the ex vivo sphere-forming assay (n = 5).

(D) Growth of SUM159 xenografts in 8-week-old female NOD scid (NSG) mice treated with AL diet or FMD. Thirty-five days post-cell injection, mice started to be treated with pictilisib (100 mg/kg, 5 consecutive days a week by oral gavage), ipatasertib (75 mg/kg, 5 consecutive days a week by oral gavage), and rapamycin (2 mg/kg, every other day i.p.) plus FMD (n = 15).

(E) Putative model for the effect of FMD on SUM159 TNBC cells and CSCs.

Data are represented as mean ± SEM. p values were determined by two-tailed unpaired t test (C). See also Figure S7.