TABLE 3.
Author(s) | Methodology | Target group | Main conclusion (s) |
Agrusa et al., 2021 | Survey through questionnaire N = 371 |
-Tourists | -COVID testing should be a travel requirement (before travel and on arrival) -COVID can be an opportunity to reset tourism goals and include residents in sustainable product development |
Yang et al., 2020 | Online survey N = 370 |
-Tourists | -Discrimination of tourists from COVID affected areas led to anxiety and depression symptoms, ruminations, including loss of wellbeing upon return home |
Chua et al., 2020 | Self-reported questionnaire | -Tourists | -Negative affected influenced perceived health risk and induced mental wellbeing and perceived uncertainty -Mental wellbeing predicted attitudes toward international travel and temporal avoidance behavior -Perceived uncertainty predicted short-term avoidance behavior |
Buckley and Westway, 2020 | Internet-based ethnography (netnography) | -Tourists -Enterprises |
-Commercial outdoor tourism enterprises can contribute to tourists’ wellbeing and mental health following COVID negative effects |
Sobaih et al., 2021 | Questionnaire survey | -Enterprises | -Restaurant owner-managers expressed more resilience than hotels counterparts -Resilience had a direct and positive impact on sustainable tourism development and indirect influence through performance |
Prayag, 2020 | Review | -Organizations, destination, and tourists | -Resilience is an important future research area -COVID as opportunity to reset the whole tourism industry |
Bhaskara and Filimonau, 2021 | Qualitative research – qualitative paradigm | - Businesses | -Importance of disaster planning/management, and organizational learning, to enhance disaster resilience of tourism businesses not only for COVID-19 recovery, but for future crisis |
Sharma et al., 2021 | Systematic review | - Tourism as a whole | -A new resilience-based framework for tourism focused on: government response, technology innovation, local belongingness and consumer/employee confidence |
Zheng et al., 2021 | Quantitative research | - Tourists | -Threat severity and susceptibility can lead to travel fear -Travel fear can lead to different coping strategies and increase resilience and adoption of cautious travel behaviors |
Sigala, 2020 | Critical review | -Tourism as a whole | -COVID as a transformational opportunity |
Setthachotsombut and Sua-iam, 2020 | Mixed method, online questionnaire, and interviews | - Entrepreneurs | - Resilience has a positive impact on business performance |
Vo-Thanh et al., 2020 | Mixed-method, quantitative data through questionnaire and semi-structure interviews | -Hotel employees | -Satisfied employees with the organization COVID-19 responses positively influences job performance -Employees satisfaction help to maintain their wellbeing, leading them to adopt positive behaviors/attitudes to maintain their job performance |
Filimonau et al., 2020 | Quantitative survey | -Businesses | -Organizational resilience, including their COVID-19 response, and corporate social responsibility practices affect perceived job security and influences organizational commitment |
Khan et al., 2020 | Econometric approach | -Businesses | -Museums and historical places, performing arts, and sports show low resilience -Accommodation initially showed high vulnerability, but also signs of high resilience |
Alonso et al., 2020 | Qualitative research with purposeful sampling method | -Businesses | -Need to change and adjust to deal with COVID-19, including creating new revenue streams and new post-COVID-19 operational regime |
Wen et al., 2020 | Critical Review | -Tourists | -The pandemic will affect tourism/tourists behaviors -Increase interest in free and independent travel, including health and wellness tourism, slow and smart tourism |
Mao et al., 2020 | Questionnaire survey | -Businesses | -Corporate social responsibility positively impacts employee self-efficacy, hope, resilience and optimism trough employee satisfaction with COVID-19 responses |