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. 2022 Jan 5;12:748947. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.748947

TABLE 3.

Articles’ main findings.

Author(s) Methodology Target group Main conclusion (s)
Agrusa et al., 2021 Survey through questionnaire
N = 371
-Tourists -COVID testing should be a travel requirement (before travel and on arrival)
-COVID can be an opportunity to reset tourism goals and include residents in sustainable product development
Yang et al., 2020 Online survey
N = 370
-Tourists -Discrimination of tourists from COVID affected areas led to anxiety and depression symptoms, ruminations, including loss of wellbeing upon return home
Chua et al., 2020 Self-reported questionnaire -Tourists -Negative affected influenced perceived health risk and induced mental wellbeing and perceived uncertainty
-Mental wellbeing predicted attitudes toward international travel and temporal avoidance behavior
-Perceived uncertainty predicted short-term avoidance behavior
Buckley and Westway, 2020 Internet-based ethnography (netnography) -Tourists
-Enterprises
-Commercial outdoor tourism enterprises can contribute to tourists’ wellbeing and mental health following COVID negative effects
Sobaih et al., 2021 Questionnaire survey -Enterprises -Restaurant owner-managers expressed more resilience than hotels counterparts
-Resilience had a direct and positive impact on sustainable tourism development and indirect influence through performance
Prayag, 2020 Review -Organizations, destination, and tourists -Resilience is an important future research area
-COVID as opportunity to reset the whole tourism industry
Bhaskara and Filimonau, 2021 Qualitative research – qualitative paradigm - Businesses -Importance of disaster planning/management, and organizational learning, to enhance disaster resilience of tourism businesses not only for COVID-19 recovery, but for future crisis
Sharma et al., 2021 Systematic review - Tourism as a whole -A new resilience-based framework for tourism focused on: government response, technology innovation, local belongingness and consumer/employee confidence
Zheng et al., 2021 Quantitative research - Tourists -Threat severity and susceptibility can lead to travel fear
-Travel fear can lead to different coping strategies and increase resilience and adoption of cautious travel behaviors
Sigala, 2020 Critical review -Tourism as a whole -COVID as a transformational opportunity
Setthachotsombut and Sua-iam, 2020 Mixed method, online questionnaire, and interviews - Entrepreneurs - Resilience has a positive impact on business performance
Vo-Thanh et al., 2020 Mixed-method, quantitative data through questionnaire and semi-structure interviews -Hotel employees -Satisfied employees with the organization COVID-19 responses positively influences job performance
-Employees satisfaction help to maintain their wellbeing, leading them to adopt positive behaviors/attitudes to maintain their job performance
Filimonau et al., 2020 Quantitative survey -Businesses -Organizational resilience, including their COVID-19 response, and corporate social responsibility practices affect perceived job security and influences organizational commitment
Khan et al., 2020 Econometric approach -Businesses -Museums and historical places, performing arts, and sports show low resilience
-Accommodation initially showed high vulnerability, but also signs of high resilience
Alonso et al., 2020 Qualitative research with purposeful sampling method -Businesses -Need to change and adjust to deal with COVID-19, including creating new revenue streams and new post-COVID-19 operational regime
Wen et al., 2020 Critical Review -Tourists -The pandemic will affect tourism/tourists behaviors
-Increase interest in free and independent travel, including health and wellness tourism, slow and smart tourism
Mao et al., 2020 Questionnaire survey -Businesses -Corporate social responsibility positively impacts employee self-efficacy, hope, resilience and optimism trough employee satisfaction with COVID-19 responses