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. 2022 Jan 5;12:745535. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.745535

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Copyright © 2022 Selle, Brosseau, Dijk, Duval, Bouchaud, Rousseaux, Bruneau, Cherbuy, Mariadassou, Cariou, Barbarot and Bodinier

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS)/inulin supplementation during pregnancy modifies the fecal microbiota and the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in food allergy (FA) offspring. (A) β-Diversity as measured by UniFrac distances from control (CTL-FA) and prebiotic (PB-FA) allergic pups based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing at 6 weeks of age. Within- and between-group dissimilarities were tested by permutational multivariate ANOVA (PERMANOVA) (n = 9–10 pups per group). (B, left figure) Graphic representation of differentially abundant Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) (FC > I2I; adjusted posttest p-value < 0.05) in 6-week-old allergic pup microbiota. Each OTU is colored according to its taxonomic classification at the family level. Taxonomy at the genus or species level is also indicated, when available, next to each OTU. Log2FoldChange (FC) is plotted on the x-axis. The diameter of the circle drawn for each OTU is related to the value of the adjusted posttest p-value as specified in the figure. (B, right figure) Heatmap representing the relative abundances of differentially abundant OTUs in 6-week-old allergic pup microbiota. (C) Fecal level of acetate, propionate, and butyrate of allergic pups at 6 weeks of age. Data are displayed as the mean min-to-max values (n = 8 to 10 animals per group); p-values were determined using the Mann–Whitney test (*p < 0.05).