Table 4. Interactions in associations with myopia (all, childhood-onset and adult -onset) between ethnicity and no educational qualifications.
| Educational attainment adjusted Odds Ratios (95% confidence interval) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No qualification | O level | A level | Higher level | ||
| All myopia, n = 28,074 | |||||
| Ethnicity | |||||
| White | 1 | 1.67 (1.53, 1.82) | 1.96 (1.82, 2.11) | 2.74 (2.60, 2.89) | |
| Mixed | vs White | 1.16 (0.81, 1.67) | 1.06 (0.81, 1.39) | 0.92 (0.58, 1.46) | 1.05 (0.91, 1.21) |
| vs No qualification | 1 | 1.52 (0.97, 2.40) | 1.54 (0.75, 3.18) | 2.47 (1.56, 3.91) | |
| Asian/British Asian | vs White | 0.61 (0.47, 0.81) | 0.85 (0.76, 0.96) | 0.89 (0.75, 1.06) | 0.82 (0.72, 0.94) |
| vs No qualification | 1 | 2.34 (1.59, 3.43) | 2.85 (2.30, 3.54) | 3.70 (2.61, 5.25) | |
| Black/Black British | vs White | 0.76 (0.47, 1.24) | 1.24 (1.11, 1.38) | 0.67 (0.54, 0.83) | 0.60 (0.56, 0.66) |
| vs No qualification | 1 | 2.72 (1.73, 4.27) | 1.72 (0.95, 3.13) | 2.18 (1.43, 3.33) | |
| Chinese | vs White | 1.13 (0.57, 2.23) | 1.66 (0.90, 3.07) | 1.66 (1.46, 1.89) | 2.06 (1.67, 2.55) |
| vs No qualification | 1 | 2.46 (1.27, 4.74) | 2.89 (1.42, 5.88) | 5.00 (2.76, 9.05) | |
| Other | vs White | 0.61 (0.46, 0.81) | 0.72 (0.53, 0.99) | 0.59 (0.47, 0.74) | 0.72 (0.65, 0.81) |
| vs No qualification | 1 | 1.98 (1.28, 3.09) | 1.89 (1.21, 2.95) | 3.26 (2.29, 4.63) | |
| Adult-onset myopia, n = 11,685 | |||||
| Ethnicity** | |||||
| White | 1 | 1.49 (1.35, 1.64) | 1.58 (1.44, 1.74) | 1.77 (1.63, 1.92) | |
| Mixed | vs White | 1.32 (0.52, 3.34) | 1.04 (0.85, 1.28) | 0.68 (0.50, 0.93) | 1.12 (0.90, 1.39) |
| vs No qualification | 1 | 1.17 (0.50, 2.75) | 0.82 (0.25, 2.65) | 1.49 (0.51, 4.36) | |
| Asian/British Asian | vs White | 0.63 (0.37, 1.07) | 0.89 (0.82, 0.97) | 0.82 (0.69, 0.97) | 0.96 (0.79, 1.16) |
| vs No qualification | 1 | 2.11 (1.13, 3.91) | 2.06 (1.26, 3.35) | 2.69 (1.46, 4.96) | |
| Black/Black British | vs White | 0.90 (0.60, 1.37) | 1.21 (1.04, 1.41) | 0.70 (0.66, 0.74) | 0.92, (0.87, 0.98) |
| vs No qualification | 1 | 2.00 (1.26, 3.16) | 1.23 (0.80, 1.90) | 1.80 (1.24, 2.63) | |
| Chinese | vs White | 1.13 (0.40, 3.21) | 0.97 (0.47, 2.00) | 0.38 (0.23, 0.61) | 1.55 (1.41, 1.71) |
| vs No qualification | 1 | 1.27 (0.35, 4.59) | 0.53 (0.12, 2.28) | 2.42 (0.78, 7.51) | |
| Childhood-onset myopia, n = 16,389 | |||||
| Ethnicity** | |||||
| White | 1 | 1.82 (1.69, 1.97) | 2.33 (2.11, 2.58) | 3.78 (3.61, 3.96) | |
| Mixed | vs White | 0.93 (0.44, 2.92) | 1.05 (0.70, 1.58) | 1.11 (0.63, 1.95) | 1.01 (0.86, 1.19) |
| vs No qualification | 1 | 2.06 (0.75, 5.66) | 2.78 (1.70, 4.53) | 4.11 (2.11, 8.01) | |
| Asian/British Asian | vs White | 0.56 (1.07, 1.96) | 0.81 (0.65, 1.01) | 0.95 (0.75, 1.20) | 0.75 (0.68, 0.84) |
| vs No qualification | 1 | 2.64 (1.92, 3.64) | 3.93 (3.02, 5.12) | 5.09 (4.36, 5.94) | |
| Black/Black British | vs White | 0.57 (1.16, 4.16) | 1.25 (1.09, 1.42) | 0.63 (0.44, 0.91) | 0.42 (0.36, 0.49) |
| vs No qualification | 1 | 4.00 (2.26, 7.10) | 2.59 (1.11, 6.05) | 2.78 (1.58, 4.90) | |
| Chinese | vs White | 1.07 (1.28, 3.54) | 2.28 (1.24, 4.22) | 2.79 (2.24, 3.43) | 2.38 (1.78, 3.18) |
| vs No qualification | 1 | 3.88 (2.36, 6.38) | 6.05 (2.38, 15) | 8.37 (4.09, 17) | |
*Adjustment by year of birth, sex, accommodation tenure, variance adjustment for test centre.
**Estimates by Other ethnicity cannot be made due to low numbers. Bold fonts indicate significant within cohort associations at the 5% level.