Table 1. Reported cases of endovascular treatment for non-traumatic extracranial VAn, including the present case.
| Case no. | Author (year) | Age (years)/sex | Side | Location (segment) | Size | Thrombosis | Symptoms | Ruptured or unruptured | Endovascular treatment | Follow- up period (mos) | Outcome | Etiology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Detwiler et al. (1987)14) | 52/F | Left | C2 | 70 × 90 mm2 | Yes | Neck mass, neck pain, bruits | Unruptured | PAO (balloon) | 6 weeks | GR | NF-1 |
| 2 | Negoro et al. (1990)15) | 47/M | Left | C1 | NR | NR | Neck pain, cervical hematoma | Ruptured | PAO (balloon) | 5 | GR | NF-1 |
| 3 | Horsley et al. (1997)16) | 56/F | Left | C5–C7 | NR | NR | Neck pain, arm paresthesias, neck mass | Ruptured | Embolization (coil) | 24 | GR | NF-1 |
| 4 | Ushikoshi et al. (1999)17) | 40/F | Left | V3 | NR | NR | Occipitalgia, cervical hematoma | Ruptured | PAO (balloon) | 132 | GR | NF-1 |
| 5 | Dong et al. (2006)18) | 32/M | Left | C3–C4 | 50 × 40 mm2 | Yes | Neck pain, fatigue, numbness of the left arm, pulsatile mass, tenderness, bruit | Unruptured | Covered stent placement | 6 | GR | Behçet’s disease |
| 6 | Hieda et al. (2007)19) | 36/F | Left | Ostium of VA | 49 × 37 mm2 | Yes | Back pain, chest pain, dyspnea, hypotension, hemothorax, coma | Ruptured | Embolization (coil and NBCA) | NR | D | NF-1 |
| 7 | Hiramatsu et al. (2007)20) | 67/M | Left | V1 | 20 × 20 mm2 | NR | Dizziness | Unruptured | Trapping (coil) | 1 week | GR | NF-1 |
| 8 | Pereira et al. (2007)21) | 14/F | Right | C5–C6 | NR | Yes | Radiculopathy | Unruptured | PAO (coil) | 96 | GR | NF-1 |
| 9 | Peyre et al. (2007)22) | 18/F | Right | C5–C6 | 25 mm | No | C6 radiculopathy | Unruptured | PAO (coil) | 72 | GR | NF-1 |
| 10 | Badran et al. (2008)23) | 59/M | Right | V3 | NR | NR | Nonpulsatile peritonsillar swelling | Ruptured | NR | 3 | GR | NR |
| 11 | Horie et al. (2008)24) | 30/F | Right | C6–C7 | NR | Yes | C6 radiculopathy | Unruptured | Embolization (coil and balloon) | 18 | GR | NF-1 |
| 12 | Higa et al. (2010)25) | 60/F | Left | NR | NR | NR | Cervical hematoma, stridor, respiratory failure | Ruptured | Embolization (coil) | 3 | SD (after 3 months, ventilator dependent) | NF-1 |
| 13 | Morvan et al. (2011)26) | 36/F | Left | V3 | 17 × 13 mm2 | NR | Headache, neck pain, vomiting, SAH | Ruptured | Embolization (coil and stent) | 0 | NR | NF-1 |
| 14 | Hiramatsu et al. (2012)8) | 31/M | Right | C6 | NR | NR | Neck pain, cervical hematoma, C6 radiculopathy | Ruptured | Trapping (coil) | 0 | GR | NF-1 |
| 15 | Shang et al. (2013)27) | 26/M | Right | V1 | 40 mm | NR | Right arm and chest pain, arm paresthesias, pulsatile nontender mass in his right supraclavicular region | Unruptured | Trapping (coil and covered stent) | 1 | GR | NR |
| 16 | Ronchey et al. (2014)28) | 54/M | Left | V2 | 28 mm | NR | Neck pain, vertigo, tinnitus, loss of balance | Unruptured | Covered stent placement | 18 | GR | NR |
| 17 | Rao et al. (2015)5) | 26/F | Right | V2 | 12 × 16 × 8 mm3 | Yes | Right neck pain radiating to the right arm, weakness, paresthesias | Unruptured | PAO (coil) | 4 | GR | Behçet’s disease |
| 18 | Kollmann et al. (2016)29) | 48/F | Left | V1 | 11 × 10 mm2 | NR | Massive hematoma of the left neck | Ruptured | Embolization (coil and Onyx) | 12 | GR | NR |
| 19 | Uneda et al. (2016)30) | 35/F | Right | C3–C4 | 15 mm | NR | C3 radiculopathy | Ruptured | Trapping (coil) | 3 | GR | NF-1 |
| 20 | Kiyohira et al. (2017)11) | 59/F | Left | V1 | 42 × 38 × 48 mm3 | Yes | Swelling in the left anterior neck | Unruptured | PAO (coil) | 24 | GR | NR |
| 21 | Strambo et al. (2017)31) | 53/M | Left | V1 | 40 mm | Yes | Dysarthria, right side paresthesias, left limbs ataxia | Unruptured | PAO (coil) | 24 | NR | NF-1 |
| 22 | Maki et al. (2018)32) | 59/NR | Left | C4–C5 | NR | NR | Comatose state, SAH, acute hydrocephalus | Ruptured | Trapping (coil) | 12 | D (because of pneumonitis 1 year after the discharge) | NF-1 |
| 23 | Han et al. (2019)33) | 36/M | Left | C6 | 30–40 mm | NR | Dyspnea, hemothorax | Ruptured | Trapping (coil) | 12 | GR | NF-1 |
| 24 | Plou et al. (2019)12) | 48/F | Left | V2–V3 | 11 × 19 × 20 mm3 | Yes | Pain, cervical rigidity | Ruptured | Flow diverter stent placement | 24 | GR | Idiopathic |
| 25 | Wu et al. (2020)13) | 72/F | Right | V3 | 7.9 × 6.6 mm2 | NR | Occipital headache, vertigo, tinnitus, nausea, pulsatile masses with bruit | Unruptured | Flow diverter stent placement | 12 | GR | NR |
| 26 | Present case | 68/F | Left | V1–V2 | 47 × 58 × 47 mm3 | Yes | Swelling and pain in the left anterior neck | Unruptured | Trapping (coil) | 12 | GR | Idiopathic |
D: death, F: female, GR: good recovery, M: male, NBCA: n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate, NF-1: neurofibromatosis type 1, NR: not reported, PAO: parent artery occlusion, SAH: subarachnoid hemorrhage, SD: severely disabled, VA: vertebral artery.