Table 3.
Covid-19 cases and school opening.
| Specification | Dependent variable: Change in ln of Covid-19 weekly cases |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full sample | dateDecember 2020 | De-biased ABC | IPW | Spatial correlated errors | Neighbors effect | |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
| School opening (2nd lag) | 0.026*** | 0.027*** | 0.023*** | 0.025*** | 0.012*** | 0.037*** |
| (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.003) | (0.003) | |
| School opening neighboring sections | 0.017*** | |||||
| (0.003) | ||||||
| Covid-19 (ln, 2nd lag) | −0.787*** | −0.759*** | −0.745*** | −0.786*** | −0.786*** | −0.558*** |
| (0.004) | (0.005) | (0.006) | (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.011) | |
| Covid-19 (ln, 3rd lag) | 0.010*** | 0.036*** | 0.000 | 0.013*** | 0.013*** | 0.086*** |
| (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.006) | |
| Covid-19 (ln, 4th lag) | −0.020*** | 0.035*** | −0.027*** | −0.015*** | −0.015*** | 0.046*** |
| (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.004) | (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.008) | |
| Covid-19 (change ln lag) | −0.864*** | −0.855*** | −0.806*** | −0.864*** | −0.864*** | −0.733*** |
| (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.002) | (0.006) | (0.006) | (0.008) | |
| Time dummies | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Census area FE | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Spatial autocorrelation | N | N | N | N | N | Y |
| Propensity scores weighting | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y |
| Number of Census areas | 33,184 | 33,184 | 33,184 | 33,184 | 33,184 | 33,184 |
| Observations | 530,944 | 464,576 | 530,944 | 530,944 | 530,944 | 790,768 |
| R within | 0.43 | 0.41 | – | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.35 |
***, **, and * denote significance at 1%, 5%, and 10%, respectively. Standard errors are clustered at census area level in columns 1, 2, 4 and 6.